Rare Disease

A disease or turmoil is characterized as uncommon in Europe when it influences fewer than 1 in 2000.

A sickness or turmoil is characterized as uncommon in the USA when it influences fewer than 200,000 Americans at any given time.

One uncommon malady might influence just a handful of patients in the EU (European Union), and an alternate touch the same amount as 245,000. In the EU, the same number as 30 million individuals alone may be influenced by one of the 6000 to 8000 extraordinary ailments existing.

* 80% of extraordinary infections have distinguished hereditary inceptions whilst others are the consequence of contaminations (bacterial or viral), anaphylaxes and natural reasons, or are degenerative and proliferative.

* 50% of rare diseases touch children.

Qualities of uncommon infections 

The 6000 to 8000 extraordinary sicknesses are characterised by a wide differing qualities of disarranges and indications that change from malady to illness as well as from patient to patient experiencing the same infection.

Moderately normal side effects can conceal underlying uncommon ailments accelerating misdiagnosis and deferring medication. Quintessentially incapacitating, the patients personal satisfaction is influenced by the need or misfortune of independence because of the constant, orderly, degenerative, and every now and again life-undermining parts of the malady.

The way that there are regularly no existing adequate cures adds to the large amount of torment and enduring continued by patients and their families.

Regular issues confronted 

The absence of deductive information and quality data on the infection regularly brings about a deferral in judgment. Likewise the need for proper quality social insurance incites inequlities and challenges in access to medication and mind. This regularly brings about substantial social and money related loads on patients.

As specified, because of the wide differences of scatters and generally regular manifestations which can conceal underlying extraordinary infections, beginning misdiagnosis is normal. Furthermore manifestations contrast from sickness to malady, as well as from patient to patient experiencing the same ailment.

By what means can things change? 

Despite the fact that extraordinary sickness patients and their families face numerous challenges, huge advancement is constantly made each day.

The progressing execution of an improved thorough approach to uncommon ailments has accelerated the improvement of fitting open health strategies. Critical additions press on to be made with the expansion of worldwide collaboration in the field of clinical and investigative research and in addition the imparting of experimental information about all uncommon infections, not just the most "repetitive" ones. Both of these developments have expedited the improvement of new demonstrative and remedial methodology.

On the other hand, the street ahead is long with much advancement to be made.

25 Essential Fitness Tips

 Report as of late aggregated 25 top fitness objectives that essentially everybody can exploit:

1. Set Goals 

Set short basic objectives, for example practicing for 20 minutes when you wake up on Mondays. This makes attaining them reasonable and permits you to advancement to more drawn out term objectives.

2. Make a Motivation Board

Get a release board, or go computerized utilizing Pinterest, and join a rundown of your objectives, advance photographs, persuasive maxims, overhauls with your attainments and that's just the beginning. Place your cause some place unmistakable – as your restroom mirror or your office at work - so you'll see it normally.

3. Embrace the 3 "C's" 

Duty, Convenience and Consistency: Adopt these three methodologies into your lifestyle to help you stay dynamic and consume a good fit for exceptional.

4. Make It Fun

Stir up your workout by going for new exercises like hip-jump moving, yoga, kickboxing and Pilates.

5. Arrange Ahead 

Plan your workouts for the week early, and likewise plan your dishes so you're not scrambling for something to consume at last (which regularly accelerates less than great decisions).

6. Stock Up on Healthy Food

Keep your kitchen overall loaded with natural, entire sustenances that are fast and simple to chomp on. Cut-up veggies, incline meats, olive oil, coconut oil and nuts are all extraordinary alternatives.

7. Plan Your Workouts 

Plan your workout sessions into your schedule like you might a paramount gathering, and don't miss them. You can likewise fit action in all through your day by strolling, standing, climbing stairs and extending instead of sitting) at whatever point you find the opportunity. You simply need to place a HIGH PRIORITY on it and plan your day around the work out, not the other path around.

8. Get a Friend 

Banding together up with a companion who has comparative fitness objectives will support your inspiration and your responsibility. Besides, its more amusing to practice with an accomplice.

9. Get Outdoors 

Escape the rec center and take off to your neighborhood stop, walkway or timberland protect. Take in the changing leaves and landscape while you fit in an incredible workout.

10. Switch It Up 

Add mixture to your top choice exercises, for example swapping your step high impact exercise class for kickboxing or yoga for a day of quality preparing.

11. Balance Is Key 

It's OK to enjoy on occasion with your eating regimen, simply make certain to remember your objectives every day. In the event that you do veer off base, don't pummelled yourself over it. Essentially settle on better decisions at your next dish or attempt the 80:20 guideline (consuming right 80 percent of the time and being more permissive for the other 20).

12. No Gym? No Problem 

A large portion of the best activities could be carried out anyplace utilizing simply your bodyweight as a part of lieu of supplies. Think about hopping jacks, push ups, squats, crunches and mountain climbers, which you can do in your home, office or inn room. Workout Dvds and applications for your telephone are likewise generally accessible.

13. Adapt 

Upgrade your old slack sweats with some new yoga jeans, running shorts or shoes. Looking exceptional makes you feel great and will propel you to practice more, and harder.

14. Nibble Right 

As opposed to letting not so great snacks sabotage your eating regimen, keep solid snacks like fruits, almonds, whey protein powder, hummus and carrots helpful. Concentrate on what you ought to be consuming, rather than what you shouldn't.

15. Attempt Fruit for Dessert 

Assuming that you're in the mind-set for something sweet, a bit of entire tree grown foods furnishes vitamins, minerals and cell reinforcements without an over-burden of sugar. A bit of dim chocolate is an alternate solid treat alternative.

16. Stay Hydrated 

Unadulterated water is key for solid metabolism and detoxification, and for warding off drying out. Attempt including cut cucumbers, lemons and limes to your water for included profits, for example assist with heartburn, acid reflux, cerebral pains, and avoiding water weight pick up.

17. Get Proper Sleep

Absence of rest is decidedly interfaced to weight pick up, low vigor and exhaustion. Without satisfactory rest, you'll have a harder time adhering to your eating regimen and your practice arrange. Get 33 rest tips here.

18. Workout to Music

Music aides keep you inspired while you work out, as listening to music while practicing can build your persistence by 15 percent. In a perfect world, pick energetic music; in one study when the music's rhythm regulated, the subjects' effort level decreased also. Also when the beat was expanded, their execution followed after accordingly.

19. Track Your Progress

Record your every day workout portions (to what extent you worked out, the extent you lifted) so you can track your advancement. There are numerous suitable applications, for example Fitness Builder, assuming that you'd rather do this digitally.

20. Trench Your Scale 

Give careful consideration to how your apparel fit and how your physique feels as opposed to the number on the scale. Provided that you should screen your fitness all the more nearly, muscle to fat ratio ratios calipers are a standout amongst the most trusted and most exact approaches to measure muscle to fat quotients.

21. Require significant investment for Recovery 

Exaggerating practice is counterproductive and can truly harm your muscle tissue and cause wounds. Give yourself satisfactory recuperation time between workouts and make certain to interchange muscle bunches or form parts in your practice sessions.

22. Get a Little R&r 

Provided that you've fallen into a workout groove, take a couple of days to revive and regroup. At times, enjoying a reprieve from your normal can do miracles to restore your inspiration.

23. Reward Yourself 

When you achieve a fitness objective, remunerate yourself with a back rub, a night out or another bit of attire. Notwithstanding, you buckled down; you merit it!

24. Don’t Give Up

The most fabulous objectives are accomplished one stage at once. Continue enduring without rushing too much and you will in the long run achieve your dreams.

25. It’s All Up to You

You need to make the choice to get fit. When you submit to it, you're making an agreement with yourself.Be the change you want to see in your life!

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian sores are sacs of liquid that develop inside or on the ovary. These blisters regularly go away on their own, yet in uncommon cases, might get wound and break. In the event that the indications of a burst ovarian blister are available, crisis restorative consideration ought to be looked for promptly. Without fitting medication, a burst ovarian growth can reason draining, tainting, and different genuine conditions.



Stomach Pain 

Consistent with M.d.s from the University of Michigan Health System, one of the manifestations of a cracked ovarian growth is stomach torment. In the event that a pimple gets turned, it cuts off its own blood supply, bringing on ache and distress. Agony might additionally happen as an aftereffect of draining of a burst ovarian blister. This is on the grounds that the blood bothers the encompassing tissues. Sandy Jocoy, an enlisted medical attendant at the University of California at San Diego, shows that the ache of a burst growth happens quite abruptly and is intense in nature. It happens in the easier stomach area and might show up on the left or right side, contingent upon which ovary holds the blister.

Queasiness 

The National Institutes of Health refers to queasiness as one of the manifestations of a cracked ovarian growth. One explanation for sickness is the extreme stomach torment that is created by a cracked growth. An alternate excuse for why that queasiness can happen is in light of the fact that a burst sore might spill liquid or blood into the peritoneal pit. In light of the fact that queasiness can happen with any number of therapeutic conditions, specialists will utilize a patient's medicinal history, physical examination, research facility tests and imaging studies to make the determination of a cracked ovarian growth.

Retching 

Data from the University of Michigan Health System shows that spewing is an alternate indication of a burst ovarian growth. This condition can reason retching due to the liquid that holes from the cracked pimple. Assuming that the growth was loaded with blood, the blood spilling from the blister can additionally aggravate the peritoneal depression and reason regurgitating. On the grounds that regurgitating happens with different conditions, for example sustenance harming, stomach influenza and vertigo, this side effect alone is insufficient to diagnose a cracked ovarian growth. In the event that it happens with queasiness and extreme stomach torment, specialists might suspect a burst blister and perform a pelvic exam or mechanized tomography (CT) check with a specific end goal to make the right judgment.

Pycnogenol For ENDOMETRIOSIS

The health disorder endometriosis is relatively common, affecting up to 10 percent of American women of childbearing age, reports the University of Maryland Medical Center. Although about one-third of these women have no symptoms, most experience some degree of pain or other problems. The herbal remedy Pycnogenol is one possible remedy for relieving painful symptoms of endometriosis. Consult a qualified health-care provider before taking Pycnogenol for any health condition.

ENDOMETRIOSIS

When cells that make up the uterine lining move from the uterus to other areas of the body and then implant there, the condition is called endometriosis. Because the cells are still stimulated by hormones, they accumulate and shed blood during menstruation. This can result in lesions caused by scarring, pelvic pain, pain during urination or bowel movements, intestinal pain or pain during intercourse. Endometriosis also may lead to heavy or irregular menstruation and it is a leading cause of infertility, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.

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TREATMENT

As of 2011, there was no cure for endometriosis, but ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can relieve the pain and inflammation. Some women choose oral contraceptives and hormone-suppressing drugs to stop ovulation, which helps to relieve symptoms. Some herbal remedies that may relieve inflammation associated with endometriosis include bromelain, cat's claw and turmeric, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center website. Early evidence indicates that Pycnogenol, a brand-name herbal product, may reduce pelvic pain due to this condition, but the current research is insufficient to confirm this benefit, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine website MedlinePlus.

PYCNOGENOL

Pycnogenol is the brand name for an herbal extract derived from the bark of Pinus pinaster, a type of pine tree. The herb seems to have anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity, and also may boost the immune system. A study published in the August 2007 issue of the "Journal of Reproductive Medicine" found Pycnogenol to be an effective alternative to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for treating symptoms of endometriosis.

USAGE

If you're interested in trying Pycnogenol for relieving symptoms of endometriosis, the remedy is possibly safe when taken in doses of up to 450 mg per day for up to six months, advises MedlinePlus. In the "Journal of Reproductive Medicine" study, participants experienced positive effects from taking 60 mg per day for 48 weeks. Side effects may include headaches, dizziness, upset stomach and mouth ulcers. Because Pycnogenol may stimulate the immune system, you probably shouldn't consume this herb if you have an autoimmune disorder such as lupus or multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

The onset of Alzheimer's disease is usually gradual, and it is slowly progressive. Memory problems that family members initially dismiss as "a normal part of aging" are in retrospect noted by the family to be the first stages of Alzheimer's disease. When memory and other problems with thinking start to consistently affect the usual level of functioning; families begin to suspect that something more than "normal aging" is going on.

Problems of memory, particularly for recent events (short-term memory) are common early in the course of Alzheimer's disease. For example, the individual may, on repeated occasions, forget to turn off an iron or fail to recall which of the morning's medicines were taken. Mild personality changes, such as less spontaneity, apathy, and a tendency to withdraw from social interactions, may occur early in the illness.

As the disease progresses, problems in abstract thinking and in other intellectual functions develop. The person may begin to have trouble with figures when working on bills, with understanding what is being read, or with organizing the day's work. Further disturbances in behavior and appearance may also be seen at this point, such as agitation, irritability, quarrelsomeness, and a diminishing ability to dress appropriately.

Later in the course of the disorder, affected individuals may become confused or disoriented about what month or year it is, be unable to describe accurately where they live, or be unable to name a place being visited. Eventually, patients may wander, be unable to engage in conversation, erratic in mood, uncooperative, and lose bladder and bowel control. In late stages of the disease, persons may become totally incapable of caring for themselves. Death can then follow, perhaps from pneumonia or some other problem that occurs in severely deteriorated states of health. Those who develop the disorder later in life more often die from other illnesses (such as heart disease) rather than as a consequence of Alzheimer's disease.

What are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?

The biggest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is increased age. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease doubles every 5.5 years from 65 to 85 years of age. Whereas only 1%-2% of individuals 70 years of age have Alzheimer's disease, in some studies around 40% of individuals 85 years of age have Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, at least half of people who live past the 95 years of age do not have Alzheimer's disease.

Common forms of certain genes increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, but do not invariably cause Alzheimer's disease. The best-studied "risk" gene is the one that encodes apolipoprotein E (apoE). The apoE gene has three different forms (alleles) -- apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. The apoE4 form of the gene has been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in most (but not all) populations studied. The frequency of the apoE4 version of the gene in the general population varies, but is always less than 30% and frequently 8%-15%. Persons with one copy of the E4 gene usually have about a two to three fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Persons with two copies of the E4 gene (usually around 1% of the population) have about a nine-fold increase in risk. Nonetheless, even persons with two copies of the E4 gene don't always get Alzheimer's disease. At least one copy of the E4 gene is found in 40% of patients with sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

This means that in majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease, no genetic risk factor has yet been found. Most experts do not recommend that adult children of patients with Alzheimer's disease should have genetic testing for the apoE4 gene since there is no treatment for Alzheimer's disease. When medical treatments that prevent or decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease become available, genetic testing may be recommended for adult children of patients with Alzheimer's disease so that they may be treated.

Many, but not all, studies have found that women have a higher risk for Alzheimer's disease than men. It is certainly true that women live longer than men, but age alone does not seem to explain the increased frequency in women. The apparent increased frequency of Alzheimer's disease in women has led to considerable research about the role of estrogen in Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggest that estrogen should not be prescribed to post-menopausal women for the purpose of decreasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, the role of estrogen in Alzheimer's disease remains an area of research focus.

Some studies have found that Alzheimer's disease occurs more often among people who suffered significant traumatic head injuries earlier in life, particularly among those with the apoE 4 gene.

In addition, many, but not all studies, have demonstrated that persons with limited formal education - usually less than eight years - are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. It is not known whether this reflects a decreased "cognitive reserve" or other factors associated with a lower educational level.

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

It's the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that results in the loss of intellectual and social skills. These changes are severe enough to interfere with day-to-day life.

In Alzheimer's disease, the connections between brain cells and the brain cells themselves degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function.

Current Alzheimer's disease medications and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. This can sometimes help people with Alzheimer's disease maximize function and maintain independence.

But because there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease, it's important to seek supportive services and tap into your support network as early as possible.

Alzheimer's and dementia basics

• Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. 
• Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging, although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. But Alzheimer's is not just a disease of old age. Up to 5 percent of people with the disease have early onset Alzheimer's (also known as younger-onset), which often appears when someone is in their 40s or 50s.
• Alzheimer's worsens over time. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Those with Alzheimer's live an average of eight years after their symptoms become noticeable to others, but survival can range from four to 20 years, depending on age and other health conditions.
• Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Although current Alzheimer's treatments cannot stop Alzheimer's from progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers. Today, there is a worldwide effort under way to find better ways to treat the disease, delay its onset, and prevent it from developing. 

Genetic Diseases

A genetic disease is any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's genome. The abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosome abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are inherited from the parents, while other genetic diseases are caused by acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes. Mutations occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure.

There are a number of different types of genetic inheritance, including the following four modes:

Single gene inheritance

Single gene inheritance, also called Mendelian or monogenetic inheritance. This type of inheritance is caused by changes or mutations that occur in theDNA sequence of a single gene. There are more than 6,000 known single-gene disorders, which occur in about 1 out of every 200 births. These disorders are known as monogenetic disorders (disorders of a single age).

Some examples of monogenetic disorders include:

• cystic fibrosis,
• sickle cell anemia,
• Marfan syndrome,
• Huntington's disease, and
• hemochromatosis.

Single-gene disorders are inherited in recognizable patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked

Multifactorial inheritance

Examples of multifactorial inheritance include:Multifactorial inheritance, also called complex or polygenic inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance disorders are caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. For example, different genes that influence breast cancer susceptibility have been found on chromosomes 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 22. Some common chronic diseases are multifactorial disorders.

• heart disease,
• high blood pressure,
• Alzheimer's disease,
• arthritis,
• diabetes,
• cancer, and
• obesity.

Multifactorial inheritance also is associated with heritable traits such as fingerprint patterns, height, eye color, and skin color.

Chromosome abnormalities

Chromosomes, distinct structures made up of DNA and protein, are located in the nucleus of each cell. Because chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material, abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can result in disease. Abnormalities in chromosomes typically occur due to a problem with cell division.

For example, Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is a common disorder that occurs when a person has three copies of chromosome 21. There are many other chromosome abnormalities including:

• Turner syndrome (45,X),
• Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), and
• cri du chat syndrome, or the "cry of the cat" syndrome (46, XX or XY, 5p-).

Diseases may also occur because of chromosomal translocation in which portions of two chromosomes are exchanged..

Mitochondrial inheritance

This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the nonchromosomal DNA of mitochondria. Mitochondria are small round or rod-like organelles that are involved in cellular respiration and found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. Each mitochondrion may contain 5 to 10 circular pieces of DNA. Since egg cells, but not sperm cells keep their mitochondria during fertilization, mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent.

Examples of mitochondrial disease include:

• an eye disease called Leber's hereditary optic atrophy;
• a type of epilepsy called MERRF which stands for myoclonus epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers; and
• a form of dementia called MELAS for mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes.

TEETH VENEERS

Just as you can put new siding on your house to mask a chipped or fading paint job, you can cover up imperfections on your teeth with the help of dental veneers. Also known as dental porcelain laminates, veneers are "false fronts" that are cemented onto your natural teeth to improve their shape and appearance. Veneers give the impression of the wearer having a flawless, bright smile.

Despite the fact that they're only about a half-millimeter thick, veneers can accomplish quite a lot when it comes to fixing your smile . People often get them with one or more of the following goals in mind:

• fixing teeth that are mottled or stained from use of fluoride or drugs such as tetracycline
• covering up chips in teeth
• correcting the appearance and bite of crooked teeth
• filling in gaps between teeth

Veneers are often made from porcelain or resin composite materials. Both materials have advantages. Veneers made of porcelain look more natural than those made of resin composite materials. Resin veneers, on the other hand, are thinner and require less shaving of the enamel before they're affixed to teeth, but they're also more susceptible to staining .

Veneers are generally used to re-face the front eight upper teeth. Since the reasons for getting veneers are largely cosmetic, there's usually no need to have them on teeth that aren't commonly seen when you smile or talk.

While veneers are a good option cosmetically, they're not cheap: They cost anywhere from $800 to $1,300 -- per tooth . And again, since getting them is a cosmetic procedure, you'll likely have to pay the full cost out of pocket.

The process of getting veneers is a little more involved than a bonding procedure (during which a dentist can reshape a tooth using composite resin bonding), but less complicated than getting a crown.

Start to finish, it generally takes three visits to the dentist to get veneers . The first visit is a consultation visit. That's the time to ask any questions you may have about the process. Make sure your dentist is skilled and experienced in this procedure. You can ask to see before-and-after photos of your dentist's previous veneer recipient patients, and to be put in contact with them -- especially if you're getting several veneers.

Next, we'll talk about the most involved part of the process -- the second visit -- and whether or not your pricey veneers will last a lifetime.

On the visit following the initial veneer consultation, your dentist will shave a layer of enamel from the surface of your teeth to accommodate the thickness of the veneers. Then, he or she will make models of the affected teeth and fit you with temporary veneers. The models, in the meantime, will be sent to a dental laboratory that will use them to make your permanent veneers.

On the third visit, your dentist will first ensure your new veneers look and fit right. If the color or size is off in any way, your dentist will trim the veneer as needed, or use various shades of cement to make adjustments for the color. Then the cement and veneer will be placed and positioned, and excess cement cleaned away. Once your dentist is satisfied everything looks right, he or she will use laser light to quickly cure the cement.

There are definite advantages to getting veneers when compared to other options for improving the appearance of your teeth, such as bonding or crowns, or taking no action at all. The biggest plus is that veneers can drastically improve your smile and your self-esteem. They're less expensive than crown work and are resistant to staining. However, staining of adjacent teeth that don't have veneers may cause them to be noticeably different shades.

You should also consider some of the potential disadvantages before getting veneers. For example, errors during the bonding process could result in discolored veneers, due to the selection of cement colors available. If veneers break or crack, fixing them can be an extensive process, especially if the bonding is still strong and intact. Veneers that fall off due to poor bonding can often be reapplied. If a veneer breaks, however, the portion remaining on your tooth will need to be ground down (much like your enamel was when you first received the veneer) and replaced with a new veneer.

Replacing veneers at some point, whether they break or not, is almost inevitable. This is because veneers are considered semi-permanent. In other words, they're permanent enough that you won't want to replace them before their time, but they generally last only about 5 to 10 years, at which point the bonding begins to fail . And once your enamel has been scraped away to make room for the veneer, there's no going back -- you'll have to keep wearing them.

Veneers are durable, but treat them with care: You'll want to break habits like chewing your fingernails or ice. Teeth grinding may chip or crack veneers to the point of needing replacements, as well.

There's a newer type of veneer available, called Lumineers. Learn more about what they are and how they compare to regular veneers on the next page.

Teeth bridge

What are dental bridges?

When you have one or more missing teeth, then a dental bridge may be used to restore the resulting gaps. The dental bridge is basically a false tooth, beautifully created from porcelain that fills the gap and is supported by adjacent teeth or implants.

One of the most crucial skills in the placement of a dental bridge is to create the illusion that the missing tooth emerges from gum just a natural tooth. Our skills in cosmetic dentistry, gum manipulation and our in-house implantologist can combine ensure no-one will know that you ever had a missing tooth!

There are several types of bridge:

1. Traditional Fixed Dental Bridge

Here the “false tooth” is fused between two porcelain crowns to fill the gap left by a missing tooth. There are two crowns holding it in place attached onto your teeth either side of the false tooth. This type of dental bridge can be used to replace one or more missing teeth.

2. Cantilever Dental Bridge

In areas of your mouth that are under less stress, such as your front teeth, a cantilever dental bridge may be used. A cantilever dental bridge is when the “false tooth” is only supported on one side. The result is just as aesthetic but has the benefit that fewer teeth have to be treated.

3. Resin Bonded Dental Bridges / Maryland Dental Bridge

The type of dental bridge is almost always used for your front teeth. The main benefit of this type of dental bridge is that healthy teeth either side need either minimal or no preparation. The “false tooth” is fused to metal or ceramic “wings” that are bonded very firmly to the supporting or “abutment” teeth with a resin. The wings are hidden from view so that only the porcelain, which appears just like a natural tooth, is visible.

4. Implant Supported Dental bridges

Implants are the modern way to replace missing teeth. An implant is placed in the bone where the tooth root would have originally been. When it has fused to the bone it can be restored with individual crowns or, when more than one tooth is missing, with an implant supported dental bridge. Even if you have no teeth in one or both jaws, implants can be placed and an implant supported dental bridge securely fixed.

There are three primary types of dental bridges, but the concept behind all of them is the same: Either one or several artificial teeth known as pontics are placed in the mouth and anchored to implanted posts or neighboring teeth (known as abutments). They literally bridge a space between two teeth.

• A fixed bridge contains a crown at either end with one or more false teeth attached between them. The crowns slip over the natural teeth found immediately to the right and left of the gap made by missing teeth, and the bridge's false teeth rest on the gums. This is a very durable bridge that's appropriate for placement anywhere in the mouth.

• A resin-bonded bridge -- also known as a Maryland bonded bridge -- contains false teeth that span a gap in the mouth. But in this case, the false teeth are attached via metal bands that are glued to neighboring teeth instead of anchored with crowns. It is a viable option when the anchoring teeth are still in good shape and don't need to be restored through the crowning procedure. It is also often used in the front of the mouth where the stress is minimal and the metal bands can be hidden behind the teeth. It is a less invasive process, although the bridge itself isn't as secure as a fixed bridge.

• A cantilever bridge is similar to a fixed bridge except, instead of anchoring to a tooth on either side of the gap, it attaches to only one tooth. This might be used in the very back of the mouth where there is only one tooth to which the bridge can anchor, or anywhere there is only one healthy tooth to which the bridge can attach.

As with all bridges (large or small), the key to success is planning, which in this case, means a visit to your dentist. He or she will evaluate your overall dental health and decide whether or not you're a good candidate. If your gums and teeth are in reasonably good health and no gum disease is present, your dentist will green light you for the bridge procedure.

In creating a fixed or cantilevered bridge, the dentist first numbs your mouth in the area where the bridge will eventually be inserted. He then prepares the teeth that will anchor the bridge, which usually involves shaving them down so that the crowns will fit over them. If the teeth are in poor shape, however, he might need to first build them up.

Once the teeth are prepared (which is not necessary for a resin-bonded bridge), the dentist will take a mold of your mouth using a soft putty. This mold is then sent off to a lab so that the bridge can be manufactured. In the meantime, the dentist will fit you with a temporary bridge to protect the exposed teeth and gums. When the permanent bridge is ready, you will return to the dentist's office, the temporary bridge will be removed and the permanent one set in place with super-strong cement.

Teeth Straightening

      

Teeth can be straightened using either orthodontics or porcelain veneers or a combination of both. Only mild to moderate crowding or protrusion can be aligned with veneers alone, but orthodontics can straighten any teeth, however severely misaligned. Combination treatments are ideal for crowded and misaligned teeth that are also heavily worn, discoloured or broken down.

Orthodontic options to straighten teeth:

Inman aligner. The Inman aligner is the fastest way to straigthen teeth with a removable appliance. It is excellent for aligning mainly just crowding of the front four teeth. For adults this the most common form of crowding so it can be used in many different cases. Treatment times typically take from 6 to 16 weeks.

Invisalign. Invisalign use a very high-tech manufacturing process to make a series of removable clear plastic aligners which makes them almost invisible. Invisalign can straighten teeth over a slightly broader range of cases than the Inman aligner but still cannot be used for severe crowding. Invisalign has the added advantage of having little effect on speech. However, treatment times are typically from 6 to 18 months.

Lingual braces. These are like conventional fixed braces except the brackets are bonded to the inside of the teeth so they are invisible to others. Lingual braces can be used to straighten teeth from almost all case types. Treatment times vary depending on case type typically from 6 to 24 months.

Porcelain veneers to straighten teeth:

Teeth can be straightened using porcelain veneers as part of a smile makeover. Porcelain veneers are a thin layer of porcelain that are a new front surface for a tooth. Teeth are prepared by trimming a thin layer from the enamel on the front of the tooth, just enough to make space for the veneer. If teeth are crowded, some teeth or parts of teeth protrude more than others. To straighten the teeth, more is trimmed back from those areas that protrude so that when the veneers are placed on these teeth it will have the appearance of having straightened them.

The advantage of this approach is that it is very quick with treatments being completed in as little as 2 weeks. Many other aesthetic improvements can be made at the same time such as changing the length, the overall shape and whitening the teeth. The smile can be designed and tailored using computer aided smile design and a process is used which creates very predictable and beautiful results.

The disadvantage of this approach is that very crowded or protruding teeth may need significant amounts of their tooth structure to be trimmed back.

Combination treatments to straighten teeth

Teeth can be quickly straightened using an Inman aligner prior to further cosmetic treatment such as asmile makeover with porcelain veneers. If the teeth are heavily worn and discoloured but also crowded this is an excellent way to achieve the very best aesthetic results, whilst maintaining a very conservative approach. This means even severe cases can be treated without the heavy trimming back of teeth that would be required if the case was attempted with veneers alone.

False Teeth

False teeth are devices that are utilized to perform the function of natural teeth when they are no longer present. Also known as dentures, false teeth sometimes become necessary due to the deterioration of natural teeth or due to some type of accident that severely damages the teeth. False teeth may be permanently inserted into the gums or be constructed into plates that can be placed over the gums and removed when appropriate.

The use of false or fake teeth has a long history. There are indications that false teeth have been around since at least 700 BC. During the Middle Ages, false teeth made from ivory or animal bone made it possible for people to enjoy the benefits of teeth even after circumstances had made it necessary to remove natural teeth. Using false teeth also tended to cut down on the harvesting of natural teeth from the recently deceased, as well as limiting the opportunity for people to have healthy teeth extracted in return for some type of financial gain.

During the 20th century, false teeth became more sophisticated. The idea of making dental impressions so that the configuration of the upper and lower plates of false teeth would be an exact fit came into common use. The dentures also began to take on a look that was closer to that of natural teeth. By the middle of the century, high quality false teeth were difficult to distinguish from a mouthful of healthy natural teeth.

While many people think in terms of false teeth being a completely manufactured set of teeth, that is not always the case. Sections of false teeth, known as partials, are sometimes utilized to fill in a gap where several teeth are missing. The partials slide into place and sometimes are fashioned to connect with the existing teeth. False teeth also come in the form of dental implants. The implants are permanent false teeth that are inserted to take the place of one or two teeth that have been removed for some reason. The dental plants fit neatly into the tooth socket of the gum and blend in with the natural teeth.

While it is possible to obtain false teeth that are intentionally distinct from natural teeth, the vast majority of people who require dental replacements prefer to have the appearance be as close to real teeth as possible. Thus, cosmetic teeth are made of materials such a porcelain or synthetic resins and plastics that will retain a white appearance for many years and hold up to the usual wear and tear placed on any set of teeth.

Milk teeth

A baby’s gummy smile is adorable! Equally adorable is the sight of that first pearly white appearing in their mouth. Before you know it, your baby will have a full set of milk teeth. However, milk teeth are often neglected by parents who think that they are not ‘permanent’ and will ‘fall off anyway’. So, here are some facts about milk teeth which will hopefully increase awareness among the parents of young children:

 FACT 1

Children have 20 milk teeth. These start to appear any time between the age of 6 months to a year. They continue to erupt until the child is around 3 to 4 years of age.

FACT 2

Milk teeth shed (fall) when the permanent teeth below them are ready to erupt. Only the lower two front teeth fall at approximately 6yrs of age. Every year thereafter, the child will lose roughly two to four milk teeth. The milk molars shed between 10 and 13 years.

FACT 3

The first dental visit should coincide with the eruption of the first milk tooth or latest by the child’s first birthday. You can then be counselled on appropriate oral hygiene measures and infant feeding habits. This can go a long way in preventing severe early childhood caries.

FACT 4

Babies often experience sore gums, increased drooling, loss of appetite and disturbed sleep when they cut their milk teeth. They may become cranky and want to chew on a toy or their fingers to get relief. Chewing on unclean objects/ fingers may lead to diarrhoea, fever. This is not caused by teething and you must contact your paediatrician if the child is unwell.

FACT 5

The sooner you start cleaning your baby’s teeth, the better! From birth until one year of age, wipe the gum pads and teeth with a clean damp cloth. Introduce a soft baby brush by one year.

FACT 6

Paediatric fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm) could be started by two years. Switch over to fluoridated toothpaste containing 1000 ppm of fluoride once your child learns to spit and gargle, and accepts the taste. These recommendations hold good when non-fluoridated water is consumed. Most parts of the country do not have natural fluoride in the drinking water. The municipal water supply in India is also not fluoridated. If you live anywhere in the areas which have fluoride in the drinking water, introduce a fluoride toothpaste at 6 years of age.

FACT 7

When the baby falls asleep whilst feeding, the last mouthful of milk (breast & bottle) is not swallowed. This milk pools around the teeth and causes decay. The upper front teeth and molars are the ones to be affected the most.

FACT 8

A twice-a-year check-up is recommended for most children. Regular dental visits help your child stay cavity free. Some children need more frequent dental visits because of increased risk of tooth decay, unusual growth patterns or poor oral hygiene.