tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019966212013877252024-03-06T12:02:38.352-08:00HealthAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.comBlogger126125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-60347021136861426882013-09-27T02:08:00.001-07:002013-09-27T02:08:56.258-07:00Rare Disease<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://img.rarediseaseday.org/images/banner2012_rare_disease.jpg" /><br />
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A disease or turmoil is characterized as uncommon in Europe when it influences fewer than 1 in 2000.<br />
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A sickness or turmoil is characterized as uncommon in the USA when it influences fewer than 200,000 Americans at any given time.<br />
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One uncommon malady might influence just a handful of patients in the EU (European Union), and an alternate touch the same amount as 245,000. In the EU, the same number as 30 million individuals alone may be influenced by one of the 6000 to 8000 extraordinary ailments existing.<br />
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* 80% of extraordinary infections have distinguished hereditary inceptions whilst others are the consequence of contaminations (bacterial or viral), anaphylaxes and natural reasons, or are degenerative and proliferative.<br />
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* 50% of rare diseases touch children.<br />
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<b>Qualities of uncommon infections </b><br />
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The 6000 to 8000 extraordinary sicknesses are characterised by a wide differing qualities of disarranges and indications that change from malady to illness as well as from patient to patient experiencing the same infection.<br />
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Moderately normal side effects can conceal underlying uncommon ailments accelerating misdiagnosis and deferring medication. Quintessentially incapacitating, the patients personal satisfaction is influenced by the need or misfortune of independence because of the constant, orderly, degenerative, and every now and again life-undermining parts of the malady.<br />
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The way that there are regularly no existing adequate cures adds to the large amount of torment and enduring continued by patients and their families.<br />
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<b>Regular issues confronted </b><br />
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The absence of deductive information and quality data on the infection regularly brings about a deferral in judgment. Likewise the need for proper quality social insurance incites inequlities and challenges in access to medication and mind. This regularly brings about substantial social and money related loads on patients.<br />
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As specified, because of the wide differences of scatters and generally regular manifestations which can conceal underlying extraordinary infections, beginning misdiagnosis is normal. Furthermore manifestations contrast from sickness to malady, as well as from patient to patient experiencing the same ailment.<br />
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<b>By what means can things change? </b><br />
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Despite the fact that extraordinary sickness patients and their families face numerous challenges, huge advancement is constantly made each day.<br />
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The progressing execution of an improved thorough approach to uncommon ailments has accelerated the improvement of fitting open health strategies. Critical additions press on to be made with the expansion of worldwide collaboration in the field of clinical and investigative research and in addition the imparting of experimental information about all uncommon infections, not just the most "repetitive" ones. Both of these developments have expedited the improvement of new demonstrative and remedial methodology.<br />
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On the other hand, the street ahead is long with much advancement to be made.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-68982229882660672632013-09-27T01:50:00.002-07:002013-09-27T01:50:43.540-07:0025 Essential Fitness Tips<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Report as of late aggregated 25 top fitness objectives that essentially everybody can exploit:<br />
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1. <b>Set Goals </b><br />
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Set short basic objectives, for example practicing for 20 minutes when you wake up on Mondays. This makes attaining them reasonable and permits you to advancement to more drawn out term objectives.<br />
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2. <b>Make a Motivation Board</b><br />
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Get a release board, or go computerized utilizing Pinterest, and join a rundown of your objectives, advance photographs, persuasive maxims, overhauls with your attainments and that's just the beginning. Place your cause some place unmistakable – as your restroom mirror or your office at work - so you'll see it normally.<br />
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3. <b>Embrace the 3 "C's" </b><br />
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Duty, Convenience and Consistency: Adopt these three methodologies into your lifestyle to help you stay dynamic and consume a good fit for exceptional.<br />
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4. <b>Make It Fun</b><br />
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Stir up your workout by going for new exercises like hip-jump moving, yoga, kickboxing and Pilates.<br />
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5. <b>Arrange Ahead </b><br />
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Plan your workouts for the week early, and likewise plan your dishes so you're not scrambling for something to consume at last (which regularly accelerates less than great decisions).<br />
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6. <b>Stock Up on Healthy Food</b><br />
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Keep your kitchen overall loaded with natural, entire sustenances that are fast and simple to chomp on. Cut-up veggies, incline meats, olive oil, coconut oil and nuts are all extraordinary alternatives.<br />
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7. <b>Plan Your Workouts </b><br />
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Plan your workout sessions into your schedule like you might a paramount gathering, and don't miss them. You can likewise fit action in all through your day by strolling, standing, climbing stairs and extending instead of sitting) at whatever point you find the opportunity. You simply need to place a HIGH PRIORITY on it and plan your day around the work out, not the other path around.<br />
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8. <b>Get a Friend </b><br />
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Banding together up with a companion who has comparative fitness objectives will support your inspiration and your responsibility. Besides, its more amusing to practice with an accomplice.<br />
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9. <b>Get Outdoors </b><br />
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Escape the rec center and take off to your neighborhood stop, walkway or timberland protect. Take in the changing leaves and landscape while you fit in an incredible workout.<br />
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10. <b>Switch It Up </b><br />
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Add mixture to your top choice exercises, for example swapping your step high impact exercise class for kickboxing or yoga for a day of quality preparing.<br />
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11. <b>Balance Is Key </b><br />
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It's OK to enjoy on occasion with your eating regimen, simply make certain to remember your objectives every day. In the event that you do veer off base, don't pummelled yourself over it. Essentially settle on better decisions at your next dish or attempt the 80:20 guideline (consuming right 80 percent of the time and being more permissive for the other 20).<br />
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12. <b>No Gym? No Problem </b><br />
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A large portion of the best activities could be carried out anyplace utilizing simply your bodyweight as a part of lieu of supplies. Think about hopping jacks, push ups, squats, crunches and mountain climbers, which you can do in your home, office or inn room. Workout Dvds and applications for your telephone are likewise generally accessible.<br />
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13.<b> Adapt </b><br />
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Upgrade your old slack sweats with some new yoga jeans, running shorts or shoes. Looking exceptional makes you feel great and will propel you to practice more, and harder.<br />
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14. <b>Nibble Right </b><br />
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As opposed to letting not so great snacks sabotage your eating regimen, keep solid snacks like fruits, almonds, whey protein powder, hummus and carrots helpful. Concentrate on what you ought to be consuming, rather than what you shouldn't.<br />
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15. <b>Attempt Fruit for Dessert </b><br />
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Assuming that you're in the mind-set for something sweet, a bit of entire tree grown foods furnishes vitamins, minerals and cell reinforcements without an over-burden of sugar. A bit of dim chocolate is an alternate solid treat alternative.<br />
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16. <b>Stay Hydrated </b><br />
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Unadulterated water is key for solid metabolism and detoxification, and for warding off drying out. Attempt including cut cucumbers, lemons and limes to your water for included profits, for example assist with heartburn, acid reflux, cerebral pains, and avoiding water weight pick up.<br />
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17. <b>Get Proper Sleep</b><br />
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Absence of rest is decidedly interfaced to weight pick up, low vigor and exhaustion. Without satisfactory rest, you'll have a harder time adhering to your eating regimen and your practice arrange. Get 33 rest tips here.<br />
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18. <b>Workout to Music</b><br />
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Music aides keep you inspired while you work out, as listening to music while practicing can build your persistence by 15 percent. In a perfect world, pick energetic music; in one study when the music's rhythm regulated, the subjects' effort level decreased also. Also when the beat was expanded, their execution followed after accordingly.<br />
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19. <b>Track Your Progress</b><br />
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Record your every day workout portions (to what extent you worked out, the extent you lifted) so you can track your advancement. There are numerous suitable applications, for example Fitness Builder, assuming that you'd rather do this digitally.<br />
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20. <b>Trench Your Scale </b><br />
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Give careful consideration to how your apparel fit and how your physique feels as opposed to the number on the scale. Provided that you should screen your fitness all the more nearly, muscle to fat ratio ratios calipers are a standout amongst the most trusted and most exact approaches to measure muscle to fat quotients.<br />
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21. <b>Require significant investment for Recovery </b><br />
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Exaggerating practice is counterproductive and can truly harm your muscle tissue and cause wounds. Give yourself satisfactory recuperation time between workouts and make certain to interchange muscle bunches or form parts in your practice sessions.<br />
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22. <b>Get a Little R&r </b><br />
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Provided that you've fallen into a workout groove, take a couple of days to revive and regroup. At times, enjoying a reprieve from your normal can do miracles to restore your inspiration.<br />
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23. <b>Reward Yourself </b><br />
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When you achieve a fitness objective, remunerate yourself with a back rub, a night out or another bit of attire. Notwithstanding, you buckled down; you merit it!<br />
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24. <b>Don’t Give Up</b><br />
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The most fabulous objectives are accomplished one stage at once. Continue enduring without rushing too much and you will in the long run achieve your dreams.<br />
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25. <b>It’s All Up to You</b><br />
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You need to make the choice to get fit. When you submit to it, you're making an agreement with yourself.Be the change you want to see in your life!</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-76588483876107312792013-09-26T09:12:00.001-07:002013-09-26T09:12:21.776-07:00Ovarian cysts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="The Symptoms of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst" src="http://photos2.demandstudios.com/DM-Resize/photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/167/37/83113540_XS.jpg?h=10000&w=400&keep_ratio=1" /></div>
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Ovarian sores are sacs of liquid that develop inside or on the ovary. These blisters regularly go away on their own, yet in uncommon cases, might get wound and break. In the event that the indications of a burst ovarian blister are available, crisis restorative consideration ought to be looked for promptly. Without fitting medication, a burst ovarian growth can reason draining, tainting, and different genuine conditions.<br />
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<b>Stomach Pain </b><br />
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Consistent with M.d.s from the University of Michigan Health System, one of the manifestations of a cracked ovarian growth is stomach torment. In the event that a pimple gets turned, it cuts off its own blood supply, bringing on ache and distress. Agony might additionally happen as an aftereffect of draining of a burst ovarian blister. This is on the grounds that the blood bothers the encompassing tissues. Sandy Jocoy, an enlisted medical attendant at the University of California at San Diego, shows that the ache of a burst growth happens quite abruptly and is intense in nature. It happens in the easier stomach area and might show up on the left or right side, contingent upon which ovary holds the blister.<br />
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<b>Queasiness </b><br />
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The National Institutes of Health refers to queasiness as one of the manifestations of a cracked ovarian growth. One explanation for sickness is the extreme stomach torment that is created by a cracked growth. An alternate excuse for why that queasiness can happen is in light of the fact that a burst sore might spill liquid or blood into the peritoneal pit. In light of the fact that queasiness can happen with any number of therapeutic conditions, specialists will utilize a patient's medicinal history, physical examination, research facility tests and imaging studies to make the determination of a cracked ovarian growth.<br />
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<b>Retching </b><br />
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Data from the University of Michigan Health System shows that spewing is an alternate indication of a burst ovarian growth. This condition can reason retching due to the liquid that holes from the cracked pimple. Assuming that the growth was loaded with blood, the blood spilling from the blister can additionally aggravate the peritoneal depression and reason regurgitating. On the grounds that regurgitating happens with different conditions, for example sustenance harming, stomach influenza and vertigo, this side effect alone is insufficient to diagnose a cracked ovarian growth. In the event that it happens with queasiness and extreme stomach torment, specialists might suspect a burst blister and perform a pelvic exam or mechanized tomography (CT) check with a specific end goal to make the right judgment.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-5684425462197291702013-09-26T08:44:00.001-07:002013-09-26T08:44:44.689-07:00Pycnogenol For ENDOMETRIOSIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The health disorder endometriosis is relatively common, affecting up to 10 percent of American women of childbearing age, reports the University of Maryland Medical Center. Although about one-third of these women have no symptoms, most experience some degree of pain or other problems. The herbal remedy Pycnogenol is one possible remedy for relieving painful symptoms of endometriosis. Consult a qualified health-care provider before taking Pycnogenol for any health condition.</div>
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ENDOMETRIOSIS</h2>
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When cells that make up the uterine lining move from the uterus to other areas of the body and then implant there, the condition is called endometriosis. Because the cells are still stimulated by hormones, they accumulate and shed blood during menstruation. This can result in lesions caused by scarring, pelvic pain, pain during urination or bowel movements, intestinal pain or pain during intercourse. Endometriosis also may lead to heavy or irregular menstruation and it is a leading cause of infertility, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.</div>
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TREATMENT</h2>
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As of 2011, there was no cure for endometriosis, but ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can relieve the pain and inflammation. Some women choose oral contraceptives and hormone-suppressing drugs to stop ovulation, which helps to relieve symptoms. Some herbal remedies that may relieve inflammation associated with endometriosis include bromelain, cat's claw and turmeric, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center website. Early evidence indicates that Pycnogenol, a brand-name herbal product, may reduce pelvic pain due to this condition, but the current research is insufficient to confirm this benefit, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine website MedlinePlus.</div>
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PYCNOGENOL</h2>
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Pycnogenol is the brand name for an herbal extract derived from the bark of Pinus pinaster, a type of pine tree. The herb seems to have anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity, and also may boost the immune system. A study published in the August 2007 issue of the "Journal of Reproductive Medicine" found Pycnogenol to be an effective alternative to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for treating symptoms of endometriosis.</div>
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USAGE</h2>
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If you're interested in trying Pycnogenol for relieving symptoms of endometriosis, the remedy is possibly safe when taken in doses of up to 450 mg per day for up to six months, advises MedlinePlus. In the "Journal of Reproductive Medicine" study, participants experienced positive effects from taking 60 mg per day for 48 weeks. Side effects may include headaches, dizziness, upset stomach and mouth ulcers. Because Pycnogenol may stimulate the immune system, you probably shouldn't consume this herb if you have an autoimmune disorder such as lupus or multiple sclerosis.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-6012370361314202422013-07-22T23:17:00.000-07:002013-07-22T23:17:06.091-07:00Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The onset of Alzheimer's disease is usually gradual, and it is slowly progressive. Memory problems that family members initially dismiss as "a normal part of aging" are in retrospect noted by the family to be the first stages of Alzheimer's disease. When memory and other problems with thinking start to consistently affect the usual level of functioning; families begin to suspect that something more than "normal aging" is going on.</div>
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Problems of memory, particularly for recent events (short-term memory) are common early in the course of Alzheimer's disease. For example, the individual may, on repeated occasions, forget to turn off an iron or fail to recall which of the morning's medicines were taken. Mild personality changes, such as less spontaneity, apathy, and a tendency to withdraw from social interactions, may occur early in the illness.</div>
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As the disease progresses, problems in abstract thinking and in other intellectual functions develop. The person may begin to have trouble with figures when working on bills, with understanding what is being read, or with organizing the day's work. Further disturbances in behavior and appearance may also be seen at this point, such as agitation, irritability, quarrelsomeness, and a diminishing ability to dress appropriately.</div>
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Later in the course of the disorder, affected individuals may become confused or disoriented about what month or year it is, be unable to describe accurately where they live, or be unable to name a place being visited. Eventually, patients may wander, be unable to engage in conversation, erratic in mood, uncooperative, and lose bladder and bowel control. In late stages of the disease, persons may become totally incapable of caring for themselves. Death can then follow, perhaps from pneumonia or some other problem that occurs in severely deteriorated states of health. Those who develop the disorder later in life more often die from other illnesses (such as heart disease) rather than as a consequence of Alzheimer's disease.</div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">What are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?</span></h3>
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The biggest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is increased age. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease doubles every 5.5 years from 65 to 85 years of age. Whereas only 1%-2% of individuals 70 years of age have Alzheimer's disease, in some studies around 40% of individuals 85 years of age have Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, at least half of people who live past the 95 years of age do not have Alzheimer's disease.</div>
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Common forms of certain genes increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, but do not invariably cause Alzheimer's disease. The best-studied "risk" gene is the one that encodes apolipoprotein E (apoE). The apoE gene has three different forms (alleles) -- apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. The apoE4 form of the gene has been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in most (but not all) populations studied. The frequency of the apoE4 version of the gene in the general population varies, but is always less than 30% and frequently 8%-15%. Persons with one copy of the E4 gene usually have about a two to three fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Persons with two copies of the E4 gene (usually around 1% of the population) have about a nine-fold increase in risk. Nonetheless, even persons with two copies of the E4 gene don't always get Alzheimer's disease. At least one copy of the E4 gene is found in 40% of patients with sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer's disease.</div>
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This means that in majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease, no genetic risk factor has yet been found. Most experts do not recommend that adult children of patients with Alzheimer's disease should have genetic testing for the apoE4 gene since there is no treatment for Alzheimer's disease. When medical treatments that prevent or decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease become available, genetic testing may be recommended for adult children of patients with Alzheimer's disease so that they may be treated.</div>
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Many, but not all, studies have found that women have a higher risk for Alzheimer's disease than men. It is certainly true that women live longer than men, but age alone does not seem to explain the increased frequency in women. The apparent increased frequency of Alzheimer's disease in women has led to considerable research about the role of estrogen in Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggest that estrogen should not be prescribed to post-menopausal women for the purpose of decreasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, the role of estrogen in Alzheimer's disease remains an area of research focus.</div>
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Some studies have found that Alzheimer's disease occurs more often among people who suffered significant traumatic head injuries earlier in life, particularly among those with the apoE 4 gene.</div>
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In addition, many, but not all studies, have demonstrated that persons with limited formal education - usually less than eight years - are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. It is not known whether this reflects a decreased "cognitive reserve" or other factors associated with a lower educational level.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-46890037951137392642013-07-22T23:12:00.000-07:002013-07-22T23:12:02.741-07:00Alzheimer's disease<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.</div>
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It's the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that results in the loss of intellectual and social skills. These changes are severe enough to interfere with day-to-day life.</div>
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In Alzheimer's disease, the connections between brain cells and the brain cells themselves degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function.</div>
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Current Alzheimer's disease medications and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. This can sometimes help people with Alzheimer's disease maximize function and maintain independence.</div>
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But because there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease, it's important to seek supportive services and tap into your support network as early as possible.</div>
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<b>Alzheimer's and dementia basics</b></div>
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<li><strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. </span></li>
<li><strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. But Alzheimer's is not just a disease of old age. Up to 5 percent of people with the disease have early onset Alzheimer's (also known as younger-onset), which often appears when someone is in their 40s or 50s.</span></li>
<li><strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Alzheimer's worsens over time.</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Those with Alzheimer's live an average of eight years after their symptoms become noticeable to others, but survival can range from four to 20 years, depending on age and other health conditions.</span></li>
<li><strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues.</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> Although current Alzheimer's treatments cannot stop Alzheimer's from progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers. Today, there is a worldwide effort under way to find better ways to treat the disease, delay its onset, and prevent it from developing. </span></li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-49012152613750888992013-07-22T22:57:00.001-07:002013-07-22T22:57:42.465-07:00Genetic Diseases<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">A genetic disease is any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's genome. The abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosome abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are inherited from the parents, while other genetic diseases are caused by acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes. Mutations occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure.</span><br />
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There are a number of different types of genetic inheritance, including the following four modes:</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="" name="single_gene_inheritance" style="color: #0033cc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"></a></b></div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Single gene inheritance</span></h3>
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Single gene inheritance<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">, </b>also called Mendelian or monogenetic inheritance. This type of inheritance is caused by changes or mutations that occur in theDNA sequence of a single gene. There are more than 6,000 known single-gene disorders, which occur in about 1 out of every 200 births. These disorders are known as monogenetic disorders (disorders of a single age).</div>
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Some examples of monogenetic disorders include:</div>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">cystic fibrosis,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">sickle cell anemia,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Marfan syndrome,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Huntington's disease, and</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">hemochromatosis.</li>
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Single-gene disorders are inherited in recognizable patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked</div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Multifactorial inheritance</span></h3>
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<br />Examples of multifactorial inheritance include:Multifactorial inheritance<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">, </b>also called complex or polygenic inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance disorders are caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. For example, different genes that influence breast cancer susceptibility have been found on chromosomes 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 22. Some common chronic diseases are multifactorial disorders.</div>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">heart disease,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">high blood pressure,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Alzheimer's disease,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">arthritis,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">diabetes,</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">cancer, and</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">obesity.</li>
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Multifactorial inheritance also is associated with heritable traits such as fingerprint patterns, height, eye color, and skin color.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="" name="chromosome_abnormalities" style="color: #0033cc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"></a></b></div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chromosome abnormalities</span></h3>
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Chromosomes, distinct structures made up of DNA and protein, are located in the nucleus of each cell. Because chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material, abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can result in disease. Abnormalities in chromosomes typically occur due to a problem with cell division.</div>
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For example, Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is a common disorder that occurs when a person has three copies of chromosome 21. There are many other chromosome abnormalities including:</div>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Turner syndrome (45,X),</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), and</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">cri du chat syndrome, or the "cry of the cat" syndrome (46, XX or XY, 5p-).</li>
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Diseases may also occur because of chromosomal translocation in which portions of two chromosomes are exchanged..</div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mitochondrial inheritance</span></h3>
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This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the nonchromosomal DNA of mitochondria. Mitochondria are small round or rod-like organelles that are involved in cellular respiration and found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. Each mitochondrion may contain 5 to 10 circular pieces of DNA. Since egg cells, but not sperm cells keep their mitochondria during fertilization, mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent.</div>
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Examples of mitochondrial disease include:</div>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">an eye disease called Leber's hereditary optic atrophy;</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">a type of epilepsy called MERRF which stands for myoclonus epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers; and</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">a form of dementia called MELAS for mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes.</li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-55338351212459260202013-07-22T09:01:00.001-07:002013-07-22T09:01:30.522-07:00TEETH VENEERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Just as you can put new siding on your house to mask a chipped or fading paint job, you can cover up imperfections on your teeth with the help of dental veneers. Also known as dental porcelain laminates, veneers are "false fronts" that are cemented onto your natural teeth to improve their shape and appearance. Veneers give the impression of the wearer having a flawless, bright smile.</div>
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Despite the fact that they're only about a half-millimeter thick, veneers can accomplish quite a lot when it comes to fixing your smile . People often get them with one or more of the following goals in mind:</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">fixing teeth that are mottled or stained from use of fluoride or drugs such as tetracycline</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">covering up chips in teeth</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">correcting the appearance and bite of crooked teeth</li>
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Veneers are often made from porcelain or resin composite materials. Both materials have advantages. Veneers made of porcelain look more natural than those made of resin composite materials. Resin veneers, on the other hand, are thinner and require less shaving of the enamel before they're affixed to teeth, but they're also more susceptible to staining .</div>
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Veneers are generally used to re-face the front eight upper teeth. Since the reasons for getting veneers are largely cosmetic, there's usually no need to have them on teeth that aren't commonly seen when you smile or talk.</div>
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While veneers are a good option cosmetically, they're not cheap: They cost anywhere from $800 to $1,300 -- per tooth . And again, since getting them is a cosmetic procedure, you'll likely have to pay the full cost out of pocket.</div>
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The process of getting veneers is a little more involved than a bonding procedure (during which a dentist can reshape a tooth using composite resin bonding), but less complicated than getting a crown.</div>
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Start to finish, it generally takes three visits to the dentist to get veneers . The first visit is a consultation visit. That's the time to ask any questions you may have about the process. Make sure your dentist is skilled and experienced in this procedure. You can ask to see before-and-after photos of your dentist's previous veneer recipient patients, and to be put in contact with them -- especially if you're getting several veneers.</div>
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Next, we'll talk about the most involved part of the process -- the second visit -- and whether or not your pricey veneers will last a lifetime.</div>
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On the visit following the initial veneer consultation, your dentist will shave a layer of enamel from the surface of your teeth to accommodate the thickness of the veneers. Then, he or she will make models of the affected teeth and fit you with temporary veneers. The models, in the meantime, will be sent to a dental laboratory that will use them to make your permanent veneers.</div>
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On the third visit, your dentist will first ensure your new veneers look and fit right. If the color or size is off in any way, your dentist will trim the veneer as needed, or use various shades of cement to make adjustments for the color. Then the cement and veneer will be placed and positioned, and excess cement cleaned away. Once your dentist is satisfied everything looks right, he or she will use laser light to quickly cure the cement.</div>
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There are definite advantages to getting veneers when compared to other options for improving the appearance of your teeth, such as bonding or crowns, or taking no action at all. The biggest plus is that veneers can drastically improve your smile and your self-esteem. They're less expensive than crown work and are resistant to staining. However, staining of adjacent teeth that don't have veneers may cause them to be noticeably different shades.</div>
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You should also consider some of the potential disadvantages before getting veneers. For example, errors during the bonding process could result in discolored veneers, due to the selection of cement colors available. If veneers break or crack, fixing them can be an extensive process, especially if the bonding is still strong and intact. Veneers that fall off due to poor bonding can often be reapplied. If a veneer breaks, however, the portion remaining on your tooth will need to be ground down (much like your enamel was when you first received the veneer) and replaced with a new veneer.</div>
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Replacing veneers at some point, whether they break or not, is almost inevitable. This is because veneers are considered semi-permanent. In other words, they're permanent enough that you won't want to replace them before their time, but they generally last only about 5 to 10 years, at which point the bonding begins to fail . And once your enamel has been scraped away to make room for the veneer, there's no going back -- you'll have to keep wearing them.</div>
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Veneers are durable, but treat them with care: You'll want to break habits like chewing your fingernails or ice. Teeth grinding may chip or crack veneers to the point of needing replacements, as well.</div>
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There's a newer type of veneer available, called Lumineers. Learn more about what they are and how they compare to regular veneers on the next page.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-9710547261937170142013-07-22T08:51:00.003-07:002013-07-22T08:51:46.546-07:00Teeth bridge<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>What are dental bridges?</b></div>
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When you have one or more missing teeth, then a dental bridge may be used to restore the resulting gaps. The dental bridge is basically a false tooth, beautifully created from porcelain that fills the gap and is supported by adjacent teeth or implants.</div>
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One of the most crucial skills in the placement of a <strong>dental bridge</strong> is to create the illusion that the missing tooth emerges from gum just a natural tooth. Our skills in cosmetic dentistry, gum manipulation and our in-house implantologist can combine ensure no-one will know that you ever had a missing tooth!</div>
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There are several types of bridge:</div>
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<strong>1. Traditional Fixed Dental Bridge</strong></div>
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Here the “false tooth” is fused between two porcelain crowns to fill the gap left by a missing tooth. There are two crowns holding it in place attached onto your teeth either side of the false tooth. This type of dental bridge can be used to replace one or more missing teeth.</div>
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<strong>2. Cantilever Dental Bridge</strong></div>
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In areas of your mouth that are under less stress, such as your front teeth, a cantilever dental bridge may be used. A cantilever dental bridge is when the “false tooth” is only supported on one side. The result is just as aesthetic but has the benefit that fewer teeth have to be treated.</div>
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<strong>3. Resin Bonded Dental Bridges / Maryland Dental Bridge</strong></div>
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The type of dental bridge is almost always used for your front teeth. The main benefit of this type of dental bridge is that healthy teeth either side need either minimal or no preparation. The “false tooth” is fused to metal or ceramic “wings” that are bonded very firmly to the supporting or “abutment” teeth with a resin. The wings are hidden from view so that only the porcelain, which appears just like a natural tooth, is visible.</div>
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<strong>4. Implant Supported Dental bridges</strong></div>
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Implants are the modern way to replace missing teeth. An implant is placed in the bone where the tooth root would have originally been. When it has fused to the bone it can be restored with individual crowns or, when more than one tooth is missing, with an implant supported dental bridge. Even if you have no teeth in one or both jaws, implants can be placed and an implant supported dental bridge securely fixed.</div>
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There are three primary types of dental bridges, but the concept behind all of them is the same: Either one or several artificial teeth known as <b>pontics</b> are placed in the mouth and anchored to implanted posts or neighboring teeth (known as abutments). They literally bridge a space between two teeth.</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A <b>fixed bridge</b> contains a crown at either end with one or more false teeth attached between them. The crowns slip over the natural teeth found immediately to the right and left of the gap made by missing teeth, and the bridge's false teeth rest on the gums. This is a very durable bridge that's appropriate for placement anywhere in the mouth.</li>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A <b>resin-bonded bridge</b> -- also known as a Maryland bonded bridge -- contains false teeth that span a gap in the mouth. But in this case, the false teeth are attached via metal bands that are glued to neighboring teeth instead of anchored with crowns. It is a viable option when the anchoring teeth are still in good shape and don't need to be restored through the crowning procedure. It is also often used in the front of the mouth where the stress is minimal and the metal bands can be hidden behind the teeth. It is a less invasive process, although the bridge itself isn't as secure as a fixed bridge.</li>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A <b>cantilever bridge</b> is similar to a fixed bridge except, instead of anchoring to a tooth on either side of the gap, it attaches to only one tooth. This might be used in the very back of the mouth where there is only one tooth to which the bridge can anchor, or anywhere there is only one healthy tooth to which the bridge can attach.</li>
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As with all bridges (large or small), the key to success is planning, which in this case, means a visit to your dentist. He or she will evaluate your overall dental health and decide whether or not you're a good candidate. If your gums and teeth are in reasonably good health and no gum disease is present, your dentist will green light you for the bridge procedure.</div>
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In creating a fixed or cantilevered bridge, the dentist first numbs your mouth in the area where the bridge will eventually be inserted. He then prepares the teeth that will anchor the bridge, which usually involves shaving them down so that the crowns will fit over them. If the teeth are in poor shape, however, he might need to first build them up.</div>
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Once the teeth are prepared (which is not necessary for a resin-bonded bridge), the dentist will take a mold of your mouth using a soft putty. This mold is then sent off to a lab so that the bridge can be manufactured. In the meantime, the dentist will fit you with a temporary bridge to protect the exposed teeth and gums. When the permanent bridge is ready, you will return to the dentist's office, the temporary bridge will be removed and the permanent one set in place with super-strong cement<span style="font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-61706290507627179252013-07-22T08:44:00.002-07:002013-07-22T08:44:23.270-07:00Teeth Straightening<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="teeth straightening, tooth straightening, porcelain veneers" src="http://www.londonsmile.co.uk/images/services/straightening/teeth-straightening-B01.jpg" /> <img alt="teeth straightening, tooth straightening, porcelain veneers" src="http://www.londonsmile.co.uk/images/services/straightening/teeth-straightening-A01.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;">Teeth can be straightened using either orthodontics or porcelain veneers or a combination of both. Only mild to moderate crowding or protrusion can be aligned with veneers alone, but orthodontics can straighten any teeth, however severely misaligned. Combination treatments are ideal for crowded and misaligned teeth that are also heavily worn, discoloured or broken down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;">Orthodontic options to straighten teeth:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;"><b>Inman aligner</b>. The Inman aligner is the fastest way to straigthen teeth with a removable appliance. It is excellent for aligning mainly just crowding of the front four teeth. For adults this the most common form of crowding so it can be used in many different cases. Treatment times typically take from 6 to 16 weeks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;"><b>Invisalign</b>. Invisalign use a very high-tech manufacturing process to make a series of removable clear plastic aligners which makes them almost invisible. Invisalign can straighten teeth over a slightly broader range of cases than the Inman aligner but still cannot be used for severe crowding. Invisalign has the added advantage of having little effect on speech. However, treatment times are typically from 6 to 18 months.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;"><b>Lingual braces</b>. These are like conventional fixed braces except the brackets are bonded to the inside of the teeth so they are invisible to others. Lingual braces can be used to straighten teeth from almost all case types. Treatment times vary depending on case type typically from 6 to 24 months.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;"><b>Porcelain veneers to straighten teeth:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;">Teeth can be straightened using porcelain veneers as part of a smile makeover. Porcelain veneers are a thin layer of porcelain that are a new front surface for a tooth. Teeth are prepared by trimming a thin layer from the enamel on the front of the tooth, just enough to make space for the veneer. If teeth are crowded, some teeth or parts of teeth protrude more than others. To straighten the teeth, more is trimmed back from those areas that protrude so that when the veneers are placed on these teeth it will have the appearance of having straightened them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;">The advantage of this approach is that it is very quick with treatments being completed in as little as 2 weeks. Many other aesthetic improvements can be made at the same time such as changing the length, the overall shape and whitening the teeth. The smile can be designed and tailored using computer aided smile design and a process is used which creates very predictable and beautiful results.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, tahoma;">The disadvantage of this approach is that very crowded or protruding teeth may need significant amounts of their tooth structure to be trimmed back.</span></div>
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<b>Combination treatments to straighten teeth</b></div>
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Teeth can be quickly straightened using an Inman aligner prior to further cosmetic treatment such as a<strong>smile makeover</strong> with porcelain veneers. If the teeth are heavily worn and discoloured but also crowded this is an excellent way to achieve the very best aesthetic results, whilst maintaining a very conservative approach. This means even severe cases can be treated without the heavy trimming back of teeth that would be required if the case was attempted with veneers alone.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-40815813921111115072013-07-22T08:35:00.000-07:002013-07-22T08:35:01.635-07:00False Teeth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img height="278" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR31MlLLNgfDGZtv1TOQ_13GO4lcCOawGbEhfxJQslI8EgMhMeu" width="400" /></div>
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False teeth are devices that are utilized to perform the function of natural teeth when they are no longer present. Also known as dentures, false teeth sometimes become necessary due to the deterioration of natural teeth or due to some type of accident that severely damages the teeth. False teeth may be permanently inserted into the gums or be constructed into plates that can be placed over the gums and removed when appropriate.</div>
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The use of false or fake teeth has a long history. There are indications that false teeth have been around since at least 700 BC. During the Middle Ages, false teeth made from ivory or animal bone made it possible for people to enjoy the benefits of teeth even after circumstances had made it necessary to remove natural teeth. Using false teeth also tended to cut down on the harvesting of natural teeth from the recently deceased, as well as limiting the opportunity for people to have healthy teeth extracted in return for some type of financial gain.</div>
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During the 20th century, false teeth became more sophisticated. The idea of making dental impressions so that the configuration of the upper and lower plates of false teeth would be an exact fit came into common use. The dentures also began to take on a look that was closer to that of natural teeth. By the middle of the century, high quality false teeth were difficult to distinguish from a mouthful of healthy natural teeth.</div>
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While many people think in terms of false teeth being a completely manufactured set of teeth, that is not always the case. Sections of false teeth, known as partials, are sometimes utilized to fill in a gap where several teeth are missing. The partials slide into place and sometimes are fashioned to connect with the existing teeth. False teeth also come in the form of dental implants. The implants are permanent false teeth that are inserted to take the place of one or two teeth that have been removed for some reason. The dental plants fit neatly into the tooth socket of the gum and blend in with the natural teeth.</div>
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While it is possible to obtain false teeth that are intentionally distinct from natural teeth, the vast majority of people who require dental replacements prefer to have the appearance be as close to real teeth as possible. Thus, cosmetic teeth are made of materials such a porcelain or synthetic resins and plastics that will retain a white appearance for many years and hold up to the usual wear and tear placed on any set of teeth.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-85106291235134229022013-07-22T07:57:00.002-07:002013-07-22T07:57:04.270-07:00Milk teeth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img src="http://st1.health.india.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Milk-teeth.jpg" /></div>
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A baby’s gummy smile is adorable! Equally adorable is the sight of that first pearly white appearing in their mouth. Before you know it, your baby will have a full set of milk teeth. However, milk teeth are often neglected by parents who think that they are not ‘permanent’ and will ‘fall off anyway’. So, here are some facts about milk teeth which will hopefully increase awareness among the parents of young children:</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 1</span></strong></div>
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Children have 20 milk teeth. These start to appear any time between the age of 6 months to a year. They continue to erupt until the child is around 3 to 4 years of age.<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;"><br style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;" /></span></strong></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 2</span></strong></div>
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Milk teeth shed (fall) when the permanent teeth below them are ready to erupt. Only the lower two front teeth fall at approximately 6yrs of age. Every year thereafter, the child will lose roughly two to four milk teeth. The milk molars shed between 10 and 13 years.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 3</span></strong></div>
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The first dental visit should coincide with the eruption of the first milk tooth or latest by the child’s first birthday. You can then be counselled on appropriate oral hygiene measures and infant feeding habits. This can go a long way in preventing severe early childhood caries.<em style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"></em></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 4</span></strong></div>
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Babies often experience sore gums, increased drooling, loss of appetite and disturbed sleep when they cut their milk teeth. They may become cranky and want to chew on a toy or their fingers to get relief. Chewing on unclean objects/ fingers may lead to diarrhoea, fever. This is not caused by teething and you must contact your paediatrician if the child is unwell.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 5</span></strong></div>
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The sooner you start cleaning your baby’s teeth, the better! From birth until one year of age, wipe the gum pads and teeth with a clean damp cloth. Introduce a soft baby brush by one year.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 6</span></strong></div>
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Paediatric fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm) could be started by two years. Switch over to fluoridated toothpaste containing 1000 ppm of fluoride once your child learns to spit and gargle, and accepts the taste. These recommendations hold good when non-fluoridated water is consumed. Most parts of the country do not have natural fluoride in the drinking water. The municipal water supply in India is also not fluoridated. If you live anywhere in the areas which have fluoride in the drinking water, introduce a fluoride toothpaste at 6 years of age.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 7</span></strong></div>
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When the baby falls asleep whilst feeding, the last mouthful of milk (breast & bottle) is not swallowed. This milk pools around the teeth and causes decay. The upper front teeth and molars are the ones to be affected the most.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; resize: none;"><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; resize: none; text-decoration: underline;">FACT 8</span></strong></div>
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A twice-a-year check-up is recommended for most children. Regular dental visits help your child stay cavity free. Some children need more frequent dental visits because of increased risk of tooth decay, unusual growth patterns or poor oral hygiene.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-30074080493128048402013-07-22T04:08:00.002-07:002013-07-22T04:08:24.089-07:00LASIK SURGERY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is LASIK?</h3>
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LASIK stands for laser in situ keratomileusis, which means using a laser underneath a corneal flap (in situ) to reshape the cornea (keratomileusis). This procedure utilizes a highly specialized laser (excimer laser) designed to treat refractive errors, improve vision, and reduce or eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses. This laser procedure alters the shape of the cornea, which is the transparent front covering of the eye. Though the excimer laser had been used for many years before, the development of LASIK is generally credited to Ioannis Pallikaris from Greece around 1991.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="" name="how" style="color: #0033cc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"></a></b></div>
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How does LASIK work?</h3>
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During the LASIK procedure, a specially trained eye surgeon first creates a precise, thin hinged corneal flap using a microkeratome. The surgeon then pulls back the flap to expose the underlying corneal tissue, and then the excimer laser ablates (reshapes) the cornea in a unique pre-specified pattern for each patient. The flap is then gently repositioned onto the underlying cornea without sutures.</div>
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What are the advantages of LASIK surgery?</h3>
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In summary, despite the risks outlined above, LASIK has been proven to be safe and effective for most people. With careful patient screening and selection, reasonable expectations, and in the care of an experienced surgeon, most patients will be very pleased with their results. These are some of the other advantages of LASIK:</div>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">LASIK is able to accurately correct most levels of myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The procedure is fast, usually lasting only five to 10 minutes, and is generally painless.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Because the laser is guided by a computer, it is very precise and results are very accurate.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">In most cases, a single treatment will achieve the desired outcome; however, enhancements are possible if needed, even many years after the initial surgery.</li>
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What are the disadvantages of LASIK surgery?</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Because each patient will heal slightly differently, results may vary from patient to patient.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">LASIK could make some aspects of your vision worse, including night vision with glare and halos.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">LASIK may make dry-eye symptoms worse in certain individuals.</li>
<li style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none outside url(http://images.medicinenet.com/images/medicinenet/green_square_bullet2.png); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">In rare circumstances, LASIK can make your vision worse and not correctable with regular glasses or contact lenses.</li>
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One of the most common physical ailments that people suffer from is poor vision. The eye is a complicated organ that requires a very exact arrangement of components to function properly. If even one of these components is not precisely the correct shape, then light that falls on the eye will not be focused correctly.</div>
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For centuries, people have relied on external lenses to alter the angle of the light entering the eye. Whether in glasses or contact lenses, these appliances have proven invaluable in the correction of poor vision. While external lenses will remain popular for the foreseeable future, advances in technology have made it possible for surgeons to alter the shape of the eye itself.</div>
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There are several types of vision correction surgery. One of the most popular is LASIK, which stands for laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis. In this article, you will find out exactly what happens during a LASIK procedure as you follow this author through his own eye surgery. You will learn what LASIK is, what is involved in the surgery, what equipment is used and how to know if you're a candidate for LASIK. You will also learn what the other forms of eye surgery are and how they differ from each other.</div>
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In its simplest sense, your eye is like a camera. Your eye has:</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A variable opening called the <b>pupil</b></li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A lens system, which includes the transparent covering called the <b>cornea</b>and a spherical <b>lens</b></li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">A reusable "film" called the <b>retina</b></li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">Various sets of <b>muscles</b>(The muscles control the size of the opening, the shape of the lens system and the movements of the eye.)</li>
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On the back of your eye is a complex layer of cells known as the <b>retina</b>. The retina reacts to light and conveys that information to the brain. The brain, in turn, translates all that activity into an image. Because the eye is a sphere, the surface of the retina is curved.</div>
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In the retina, sensory cells called <b>rods</b> and <b>cones</b> change the photons of light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to and interpreted by the brain. The ability to focus the light on the retina depends on the shapes of the cornea and the lens, which are controlled by their inherent shapes, their stretchiness or elasticity, the shape of the eyeball and sets of attached muscles. So, when you look at something, muscles attached to the lens must contract and relax to change the shape of the lens system and keep the object focused on the retina, even when your eyes move; this is a complex set of muscle movements that is controlled automatically by your nervous system.</div>
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When you look at something, three things must happen:</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">The image must be reduced in size to fit onto the retina.</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">The scattered light must come together -- that is, it must <b>focus</b> -- at the surface of the retina.</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;">The image must be curved to match the curve of the retina.</li>
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The basis for all laser eye surgery is to reshape the cornea so that it changes the focal point of the eye. Ideally, the focal point is changed so that it focuses perfectly on the retina, just like a normal eye.</div>
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As stated in the previous section, myopia (nearsightedness) usually results from the eye being too long. The cornea has a more pronounced curve than a normal eye. Laser eye surgery is great for myopia because it is relatively easy to remove a little of the cornea to flatten out the curve.</div>
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Hyperopia (farsightedness) normally means the eye is too short, which means that the cornea needs to curve more to properly focus the light on the retina. Although more intensive than correcting myopia, laser eye surgery can treat hyperopia by reshaping the cornea to make it rounder.</div>
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Laser eye surgery works by pulsing a tightly-focused beam of light (laser) onto the surface of the eye. Upon contact with the surface of the cornea, the laser <b>vaporizes</b> a microscopic portion of the cornea (more on this later). By controlling the size, position and number of laser pulses, the surgeon can precisely control how much of the cornea is removed.</div>
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LASIK combines the best features of ALK and PRK (see above). Like ALK, LASIK uses a microkeratome to create a "flap" of the outer corneal tissue that can be folded out of the way and then replaced. Once the flap is folded out of the way, LASIK uses the same Excimer laser used in PRK to reshape the underlying corneal tissue. Then the flap is replaced over the reshaped area and conforms to the new shape.</div>
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The great thing about the cornea is how quickly it heals. As soon as that flap is replaced, it begins to naturally seal itself to the rest of the cornea. This approach greatly speeds the overall healing process when compared to PRK, which leaves the reshaped area open.</div>
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Of course, there are potential problems with LASIK. The three most common problems are:</div>
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<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;"><b>Undercorrection</b> - Not enough tissue is removed during the procedure.</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;"><b>Overcorrection</b> - Too much tissue is removed during the procedure.</li>
<li style="list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 5px;"><b>Wrinkling</b> - The corneal flap has a small fold or wrinkle in it when it is replaced, causing a small blurry area in your vision.</li>
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Under most circumstances, each of these problems is easily corrected with a second surgical procedure. If the undercorrection or overcorrection is very slight, the surgeon will most likely advise the patient not to attempt to refine his or her vision any further. In fact, many recipients of laser eye surgery never achieve normal vision but are able to reduce their corrective-lens prescription significantly.</div>
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In addition to the more common problems listed above, there is a potential for other <b>side effects</b>such as blurred vision, halos around lights, increased light sensitivity and even double vision. There is also the chance that damage or scarring can happen to the cornea, resulting in a partial or complete loss of vision.</div>
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These other problems occur only rarely when you're dealing with reputable ophthalmologists operating on patients who meet the parameters of an ideal candidate. We'll talk more about what makes an ideal candidate later.</div>
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The development of the<b>Excimer laser</b> is the key element that has made laser eye surgery possible. Created by IBM, Excimer lasers (the name is derived from the terms<b>excited</b> and <b>dimers</b>) use reactive gases, such as chlorine and fluorine, mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudo molecule (dimer) is produced that, when lased, produces light in the ultraviolet range. </div>
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The Excimer laser is a <b>cool laser</b>, which means that it does not heat up the surrounding air or surfaces. Instead, a very tightly-focused beam of ultraviolet light is emitted. The ultraviolet light is absorbed by the upper layer of the surface that it contacts. The sheer amount of ultraviolet light is too much for most organic materials (such as the cornea of the eye) to absorb, resulting in the breakdown of the molecular bonds of the material.</div>
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The ultraviolet beam of light only penetrates a microscopic amount, less than a nanometer (a billionth of a meter), into the surface of the cornea. The heat created from the energy released by the laser is dissipated along with this microscopic layer of the cornea. This process is known as<b>photoablation</b>.</div>
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The Excimer laser is incredibly precise. It has the ability to focus a beam as small as 0.25 microns. Considering that a typical human hair is 50 microns in diameter, that means that the Excimer laser is capable of removing 0.5 percent of a human hair's width at a time!</div>
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The operation of the Excimer laser is a complicated and delicate process. In fact, a dedicated technician is used just to set up and operate the machine in conjunction with the ophthalmologist performing the surgery.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-5526736826283408012013-07-22T03:13:00.001-07:002013-07-22T03:33:35.586-07:00LASER EYE SURGERY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px;">Eye surgery, while once a tricky procedure that required working with microscopic structures, is now performed on a regular basis. Eye surgery ranges from corrective procedures to vision-saving surgeries that correct cataracts, glaucoma or eye tumors. If you have eye surgery, a period of healing afterward is essential to allow the eyes to rest and to heal, and your doctor will give you instructions as to how to care for your eyes during this time.</span><br />
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<b>LASER EYE SURGERY HALO EFFECT</b></div>
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Laser eye surgery is a surgical method of permanent vision correction. The goal of laser eye surgery, sometimes referred to as LASIK, is to eliminate or reduce the need for eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, however, a halo effect may persist in those who have had the surgery done.</div>
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<b>Definition</b></div>
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A halo is what looks like a sunburst or a ring around lights at night. After having LASIK, people often experience halos when out at night, around streetlights and car headlights, according to Red Orbit. This can make night driving unsafe or impossible in some cases.</div>
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<b>Causes</b></div>
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Most patients who experience the halo effect after laser eye surgery have large pupils. USA Eyes, a website operated by the Council for Refractive Surgery Quality Assurance, states that the halo is caused by the outside edge of the cornea not being treated during the surgery, dry eyes and swelling.</div>
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<b>Incidence</b></div>
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Approximately half of people who undergo laser eye surgery have large pupils, according to Red Orbit. While seeing halos is a common side effect, USA Eyes states that the condition eventually resolves itself in most people.</div>
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According to USA Eyes, the halo effect can last for up to six months while the eyes heal from the surgery. In some cases, however, this effect may last longer.</div>
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<b>Prevention/Solution</b></div>
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The "large zone" technique of performing laser eye surgery can reduce or eliminate the incidence of halo vision by treating a larger portion of the cornea. Another option for treating this condition is to use brimonidine tartrate eye drops, according to a study done by the Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-62848684314346845782013-07-21T22:22:00.004-07:002013-07-22T02:08:58.185-07:00Healthy Eating Plan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Peanuts</span></span></h3>
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<img alt="<font color="#e2ad00">Peanuts</font>" src="http://www.menshealth.co.uk/cm/menshealthuk/images/J4/Peanut.jpg" /></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Boost your defences</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Not shopping at Whole Foods? Dry-roasted peanuts actually contain 22% more bug-beating antioxidants than raw ones.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Macadamia nuts</span></span></h3>
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<img alt="<font color="#e2ad00">Macadamia nuts</font>" src="http://www.menshealth.co.uk/cm/menshealthuk/images/Bt/macadamia.jpg" /></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Heal your heart</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">These underrated cardio champions are a rare source of omega-7, which cuts ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol levels by 9%.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Pumpkin seeds</span></span></h3>
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<img alt="<font color="#e2ad00">Pumpkin seeds</font>" src="http://www.menshealth.co.uk/cm/menshealthuk/images/zv/pumpkin.jpg" /></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Pre-gym cocktail</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">With testosterone-boosting zinc, and magnesium for strong muscle contraction, these are like ZMA capsules – but tasty.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Little green pill</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">The best closing-time bar snack going: a few handfuls a day improves genital blood flow, say Turkish scientists.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Ditch your gut</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">US research saw almond-munchers shed 64% more fat than nut-dodging dieters with an identical calorie intake.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Brazil nuts</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Just one provides your entire RDA of selenium, low levels of which have been linked to depression. You’re not nuts.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.63636302947998px; line-height: 20px;">Swerve the ice bath</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">These are a rich in DOMS-fighting omega-3, with bone-building minerals, too. Chuck them in a pre-match smoothie.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Sesame seeds</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">A 40g heap of sesame a day lowers artery-clogging LDL cholesterol by 9.5%. No, there aren’t enough on a Big Mac.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Walnuts</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Productivity x 100</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">Brain-shaped for a reason: in a new study, half a cup every two days improved subjects’ critical-thinking ability</span></span></h3>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-80584973137977327662013-07-21T21:44:00.003-07:002013-07-21T21:44:31.205-07:00Weight loss foods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>1. Eggs.</b> Skip the bagel this morning. Eggs, which are full of protein, will help you feel fuller longer-a lot longer. A multicenter study of 30 overweight or obese women found that those who ate two scrambled eggs (with two slices of toast and a reduced-calorie fruit spread) consumed less for the next 36 hours than women who had a bagel breakfast of equal calories. Other research has shown that protein may also prevent spikes in blood sugar, which can lead to food cravings.</div>
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<b>2. Beans.</b> You've probably never heard of cholecystokinin, but it's one of your best weight-loss pals. This digestive hormone is a natural appetite suppressant. So how do you get more cholecystokinin? One way, report researchers at the University of California at Davis, is by eating beans: A study of eight men found that their levels of the hormone (which may work by keeping food in your stomach longer) were twice as high after a meal containing beans than after a low-fiber meal containing rice and dry milk. There's also some evidence that beans keep blood sugar on an even keel, so you can stave off hunger longer. Heart-health bonus: High-fiber beans can lower your cholesterol.</div>
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<b>3. Salad.</b> Do you tend to stuff yourself at meals? Control that calorie intake by starting with a large salad (but hold the creamy dressing). In a study of 42 women at Penn State University, those who ate a big, low-cal salad consumed 12 percent less pasta afterward-even though they were offered as much as they wanted. The secret, say researchers, is the sheer volume of a salad, which makes you feel too full to pig out. Health bonus: A study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association found that people who ate one salad a day with dressing had higher levels of vitamins C and E, folic acid, lycopene, and carotenoids-all disease fighters-than those who didn't add salad to their daily menu.</div>
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<b>4. Green tea.</b> The slimming ingredient isn't caffeine. Antioxidants called catechins are what help speed metabolism and fat burning. In a recent Japanese study, 35 men who drank a bottle of oolong tea mixed with green tea catechins lost weight, boosted their metabolism, and had a significant drop in their body mass index. Health bonus: The participants also lowered their (bad) LDL cholesterol.</div>
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<b>5. Pears.</b> They're now recognized as having more fiber, thanks to a corrected calculation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. At six grams (formerly four grams) per medium-size pear, they're great at filling you up. Apples come in second, with about three grams per medium-size fruit. Both contain pectin fiber, which decreases blood-sugar levels, helping you avoid between-meal snacking. This may explain why, in a Brazilian study that lasted 12 weeks, overweight women who ate three small pears or apples a day lost more weight than women on the same diet who ate three oat cookies daily instead of the fruit.</div>
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<b>6. Soup.</b> A cup of chicken soup is as appetite blunting as a piece of chicken: That was the finding of a Purdue University study with 18 women and 13 men. Why? Researchers speculate that even the simplest soup satisfies hunger because your brain perceives it as filling.</div>
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<b>7. Lean beef.</b> It's what's for dinner-or should be, if you're trying to shed pounds. The amino acid leucine, which is abundant in proteins like meat and fish as well as in dairy products, can help you pare down while maintaining calorie-burning muscle. That's what it did for 24 overweight middle-aged women in a study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Eating anywhere from nine to 10 ounces of beef a day on a roughly 1,700-calorie diet helped the women lose more weight, more fat, and less muscle mass than a control group consuming the same number of calories, but less protein. The beef eaters also had fewer hunger pangs.</div>
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<b>8. Olive oil.</b> Fight off middle-age pounds with extra virgin olive oil. A monounsaturated fat, it'll help you burn calories. In an Australian study, 12 postmenopausal women (ages 57 to 73) were given a breakfast cereal dressed either with a mixture of cream and skim milk or half an ounce of olive oil and skim milk. The women who ate the oil-laced muesli boosted their metabolism. Don't want to add olive oil to your oatmeal? That's OK-it works just as well in salad dressings, as a bread dip, or for sautéing.</div>
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<b>9. Grapefruit.</b> It's back! A 2006 study of 91 obese people conducted at the Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center at Scripps Clinic found that eating half a grapefruit before each meal or drinking a serving of the juice three times a day helped people drop more than three pounds over 12 weeks. The fruit's phytochemicals reduce insulin levels, a process that may force your body to convert calories into energy rather than flab.</div>
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<b>10. Cinnamon.</b> Sprinkle it on microwave oatmeal or whole-grain toast to help cure those mid-afternoon sugar slumps. Research from the U.S.<br />Department of Agriculture found that a little cinnamon can help control post-meal insulin spikes, which make you feel hungry. Health bonus: One USDA study showed that just a quarter teaspoon of cinnamon a day lowered the blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in people with type 2 diabetes.</div>
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<b>11. Vinegar.</b> It's a great filler-upper. In a Swedish study, researchers found that people who ate bread dipped in vinegar felt fuller than those who had their slices plain. The probable reason: Acetic acid in the vinegar may slow the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine, so your tummy stays full longer. Vinegar can also short-circuit the swift blood-sugar rise that occurs after you eat refined carbs such as white bread, cookies, and crackers.</div>
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<b>12. Tofu.</b> It seems too light to be filling, but a study at Louisiana State University showed that tofu does the job. Researchers tested it against chicken as a pre-meal appetizer for 42 overweight women-and the participants who had tofu ate less food during the meal. The secret: Tofu is an appetite-quashing protein.</div>
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<b>13. Nuts.</b> Yes, they are fattening: A handful of peanuts is about 165 calories. But research shows that people who snack on nuts tend to be slimmer than those who don't. A study from Purdue University found that when a group of 15 normal-weight people added about 500 calories worth of peanuts to their regular diet, they consumed less at subsequent meals. The participants also revved up their resting metabolism by 11 percent, which means they burned more calories even when relaxing. Health bonus: Walnuts contain omega-3 fatty acids. And researchers at Loma Linda University recently found that eating 10 to 20 whole pecans daily can reduce heart disease risks.</div>
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<b>14. High-fiber cereal.</b> Studies show that you can curb your appetite by eating a bowl for breakfast. But how well does it really work? Researchers at the VA Medical Center and the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis tested the theory against the ultimate diet challenge: the buffet table. They gave 14 volunteers one of five cereals before sending them out to the smorgasbord. Those who'd had the highest-fiber cereal ate less than those who didn't have as much fiber in the morning. Try General Mills Fiber One (14 grams per serving) or Kellogg's All Bran With Extra Fiber (13 grams per serving).</div>
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<b>15. Hot red pepper.</b> Eating a bowl of spicy chili regularly can help you lose weight. In a Japanese study, 13 women who ate breakfast foods with red pepper (think southwestern omelet) ate less than they normally did at lunch. The magic ingredient may be capsaicin, which helps suppress appetite.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-68189541942946145452013-07-19T11:26:00.001-07:002013-07-19T11:32:29.237-07:00Male breast cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Male breast cancer is cancer that forms in the breast tissue of men. Though breast cancer is most commonly thought of as a woman's disease, male breast cancer does occur.</div>
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Male breast cancer is most common in older men, though male breast cancer can occur at any age.</div>
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Men diagnosed with male breast cancer at an early stage have a good chance for a cure. Still, many men delay seeing their doctors if they notice unusual signs or symptoms, such as a breast lump. For this reason, many male breast cancers are diagnosed when the disease is more advanced.</div>
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<b>Signs and symptoms</b></div>
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Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer can include:</div>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;">Changes to the skin covering your breast, such as dimpling, puckering, redness or scaling</li>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;">Changes to your nipple, such as redness or scaling, or a nipple that begins to turn inward</li>
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<span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><b style="line-height: 19.5px;">Causes</b></span></div>
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It's not clear what causes male breast cancer. Doctors know that male breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) to nearby tissue, to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.</div>
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<strong>Where breast cancer begins in men</strong><br />Everyone is born with a small amount of breast tissue. Breast tissue is made up of milk-producing glands (lobules), ducts that carry milk to the nipples and fat. Women begin developing more breast tissu</div>
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<b>Risk Factors</b></div>
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Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include:</div>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Exposure to estrogen.</strong> If you take estrogen-related drugs, such as those used as part of a sex-change procedure, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Estrogen drugs may also be used in hormone therapy for prostate cancer.</li>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Family history of breast cancer.</strong> If you have a close family member with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of developing the disease.</li>
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<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Klinefelter's syndrome.</strong> This genetic syndrome occurs when a boy is born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. Klinefelter's syndrome causes abnormal development of the testicles. As a result, men with this syndrome produce lower levels of certain male hormones (androgens) and more female hormones (estrogens).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Liver disease.</strong> If you have liver disease, such as cirrhosis of the liver, your male hormones may be reduced and your female hormones may be increased. This can increase your risk of breast cancer.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Obesity.</strong> Obesity may be a risk factor for breast cancer in men because it increases the number of fat cells in the body. Fat cells convert androgens into estrogen, which may increase the amount of estrogen in your body and, therefore, your risk of breast cancer.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Radiation exposure.</strong> If you've received radiation treatments to your chest, such as those used to treat cancers in the chest, you're more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px; text-align: justify;"><b style="line-height: 1.5em;">Treatment</b></li>
</ul>
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To determine your male breast cancer treatment options, your doctor considers your cancer's stage, your overall health and your preferences. Male breast cancer treatment often involves surgery and may also include other treatments.</div>
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<strong>Surgery</strong><br />The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and surrounding breast tissue. Surgical procedures used to treat male breast cancer include:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px; text-align: start;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px;"><strong>Surgery to remove breast tissue and surrounding lymph nodes.</strong>Most men with breast cancer undergo a modified radical mastectomy. In this procedure, a surgeon removes all of your breast tissue, including the nipple and areola, and some underarm (axillary) lymph nodes. Your lymph nodes are tested to see if they contain cancer cells. Removing your lymph nodes increases your risk of serious arm swelling (lymphedema).</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.mayoclinic.com/img/icon_li_footer.gif); background-position: 0px 7px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 13px;"><strong>Surgery to remove one lymph node for testing.</strong> During a sentinel lymph node biopsy, your doctor identifies the lymph node most likely to be the first place your cancer cells would spread. That lymph node is removed and tested for cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found in that lymph node, there is a good chance that your breast cancer hasn't spread beyond your breast tissue.</li>
</ul>
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<strong>Radiation therapy</strong><br />Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. During radiation therapy for male breast cancer, radiation comes from a large machine that moves around your body, directing the energy beams to precise points on your chest.</div>
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In male breast cancer, radiation therapy may be used to eliminate any remaining cancer cells in the breast, chest muscles or armpit after surgery.</div>
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<strong>Chemotherapy</strong><br />Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy treatment often involves receiving two or more drugs in different combinations. These may be administered through a vein in your arm (intravenously), in pill form or by both methods.</div>
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Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may have spread outside your breast. Chemotherapy may also be an option for men with advanced breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast.</div>
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<strong>Hormone therapy</strong><br />Some breast cancers rely on hormones for fuel. If your doctor determines that your cancer uses hormones to help it grow, you may be offered hormone therapy. Most men with male breast cancer have hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone therapy for male breast cancer often involves the medication tamoxifen, which is also used in women. Other hormone therapy medications used in women with breast cancer haven't been shown to be effective in men.</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-68874584178022389702013-07-18T02:25:00.000-07:002013-07-18T02:25:44.324-07:0025 Benefits to Drinking Green Tea<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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<b>1. Green tea and cancer: </b>Green tea helps reduce the risk of cancer. The antioxidant in green tea is 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 24 times better than vitamin E. This helps your body at protecting cells from damage believed to be linked to cancer.<br /><b><br />2. Green tea and heart disease: </b>Green tea helps prevent heart disease and stroke by lowering the level of cholesterol. Even after the heart attack it prevents cell deaths and speeds up the recovery of heart cells.</div>
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<b>3. Green tea and Anti-aging: </b>Green tea contains an antioxidant known as polyphenols which fight against free radicals. What this means it helps you fight against aging and promotes longevity.</div>
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<b>4. Green tea and weight loss: </b>Green tea helps with your body weight loss. Green tea burns fat and boosts your metabolism rate naturally. It can help you burn up to 70 calories in just one day. That translates to 7 pounds in one year.</div>
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<b>5. Green tea and skin:</b> The antioxidant in green tea protects the skin from the harmful effects of free radicals, which cause wrinkling and skin aging. Green tea also helps fight against skin cancer.</div>
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<b>6. Green tea and arthritis: </b>Green tea can help prevent and reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Green tea has benefit for your health as it protects the cartilage by blocking the enzyme that destroys cartilage.</div>
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<b>7. Green tea and bones:</b> The very key to this is high fluoride content found in green tea. It helps keep your bones strong. If you drink green tea every day, this will help you preserve your bone density.</div>
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<b>8. Green tea and cholesterol:</b> Green tea can help lower cholesterol level. It also improves the ratio of good cholesterol to bad cholesterol, by reducing bad cholesterol level.</div>
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<b>9. Green tea and obesity: </b>Green tea prevents obesity by stopping the movement of glucose in fat cells. If you are on a healthy diet, exercise regularly and drink green tea, it is unlikely you'll be obese.</div>
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<b>10. Green tea and diabetes: </b>Green tea improves lipid and glucose metabolism, prevents sharp increases in blood sugar level and balances your metabolism rate.</div>
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<b>11. Green tea and Alzheimers: </b>Green tea helps boost your memory. And although there's no cure for Alzheimer's it helps slow the process of reduced acetylcholine in the brain, which leads to Alzheimer's.</div>
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<b>12. Green tea and Parkinson's: </b>Antioxidants in green tea helps prevent against cell damage in the brain which could cause Parkinson's. People drinking green tea also are less likely to progress with Parkinson's.</div>
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<b>13. Green tea and liver disease:</b> Green tea helps prevent transplant failure in people with liver failure. Researches showed that green tea destroys harmful free radicals in fatty livers.</div>
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<b>14. Green tea and high blood pressure: </b>Green tea helps prevent high blood pressure. Drinking green tea helps keep your blood pressure down by repressing angiotensin, which leads to high blood pressure.</div>
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<b>15. Green tea and food poisoning:</b> Catechin found in green tea can kill bacteria which causes food poisoning and kills the toxins produced by those bacteria.</div>
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<b>16. Green tea and blood sugar: </b>Blood sugar tends to increase with age, but polyphenols and polysaccharides in green tea help lower your blood sugar level.</div>
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<b>17. Green tea and immunity: </b>Polyphenols and flavonoids found in green tea help boost your immune system, making your health stronger in fighting against infections.</div>
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<b>18. Green tea and cold and flu:</b> Green tea prevents you from getting a cold or flu. Vitamin C in green tea helps you treat the flu and the common cold.</div>
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<b>19. Green tea and asthma: </b>Theophyline in green tea relaxes the muscles which support the bronchial tubes, reducing the severity of asthma.</div>
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<b>20. Green tea and ear infection: </b>Green tea helps with ear infection problem. For natural ear cleaning soak a cotton ball in green tea and clean the infected ear.</div>
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<b>21. Green tea and herpes:</b> Green tea increases the effectiveness of topical interferon treatment of herpes. First green tea compress is applied, and then let the skin dry before the interferon treatment.<br /><b><br />22. Green tea and tooth decay: </b>Green tea destroys bacteria and viruses that cause many dental diseases. It also slows the growth of bacteria which leads to bad breath.</div>
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<b>23. Green tea and stress: </b>L-the theanine, which is a kind of amino acids in green tea, can help relieve stress and anxiety.<br /><b><br />24. Green tea and allergies: </b>EGCG found in green tea relieves allergies. So if you have allergies, you should really consider drinking green tea.</div>
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<b>25. Green tea and HIV: </b>Scientists in Japan have found that EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) in green tea can stop HIV from binding to healthy immune cells. What this means is that green tea can help stop the HIV virus from spreading.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-90013641826725234122013-07-18T02:00:00.000-07:002013-07-18T02:00:05.885-07:00Green tea<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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All true teas—as distinct from herbal and flower infusions, which afficiandos calltisanes, are made from the leaves of an evergreen tree with the botanical name ofCamellia sinensis. Although reaching a height of 30 feet in the wild, on tea plantations (called gardens or estates), the plant is kept as a shrub, constantly pruned to a height of about 3 feet to encourage new growth and for convenient picking.</div>
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Tea plants grow only in warm climates but can flourish at altitudes ranging from sea level to 7,000 feet. The best teas, however, are produced by plants grown at higher altitudes where the leaves mature more slowly and yield a richer flavor. Depending upon the altitude, a new tea plant may take from 2-1/2 to 5 years to be ready for commercial picking, but once productive, it can provide tea leaves for close to a century.</div>
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Tea plants produce abundant foliage, a camellia-like flower, and a berry, but only the smallest and youngest leaves are picked for tea—the two leaves and bud at the top of each young shoot. The growth of new shoots, called a flush, can occur every week at lower altitudes but takes several weeks at higher ones. The new leaves are picked by hand by "tea pluckers," the best of whom can harvest 40 pounds per day, enough to make 10 pounds of tea.</div>
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All tea plants belong to the same speciesCamellia sinensis, but local growing conditions (altitude, climate, soils, etc.) vary, resulting in a multitude of distinctive leaves. The way the leaves are processed, however, is even more important in developing the individual characteristics of the three predominant types of tea: green, black and oolong.</div>
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Green tea is the least processed and thus provides the most antioxidant polyphenols, notably a catechin called epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is believed to be responsible for most of the health benefits linked to green tea. Green tea is made by briefly steaming the just harvested leaves, rendering them soft and pliable and preventing them from fermenting or changing color. After steaming, the leaves are rolled, then spread out and "fired" (dried with hot air or pan-fried in a wok) until they are crisp. The resulting greenish-yellow tea has a green, slightly astringent flavor close to the taste of the fresh leaf.</div>
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In black tea production, the leaves are first spread on withering racks and air-blown, which removes about one-third of their moisture and renders them soft and pliable. Next, they are rolled to break their cell walls, releasing the juices essential to fermentation. Once again, they are spread out and kept under high humidity to promote fermentation, which turns the leaves a dark coppery color and develops black tea's authoritative flavor. Finally, the leaves are "fired," producing a brownish black tea whose immersion in hot water gives a reddish-brown brew with a stronger flavor than green or oolong teas.</div>
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Oolong tea, which is made from leaves that are partially fermented before being fired, falls midway between green and black teas. Oolong is a greenish-brown tea whose flavor, color and aroma are richer than that of green tea, but more delicate than that of black.</div>
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Green tea has always been, and remains today, the most popular type of tea from China where most historians and botanists believe the tea plant originated throughout all of Asia. Why is this so? Perhaps because green tea not only captures the taste, aroma and color of spring, but delivers this delightful bouquet along with the highest concentration of beneficial phytonutrients and the least caffeine of all the teas. </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Health Benefits</span></h2>
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Green tea is particularly rich in health-promoting flavonoids (which account for 30% of the dry weight of a leaf), including catechins and their derivatives. The most abundant catechin in green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is thought to play a pivotal role in the green tea's anticancer and antioxidant effects. Catechins should be considered right alongside of the better-known antioxidants like vitamins E and C as potent free radical scavengers and health-supportive for this reason.</div>
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Most of the research showing the health benefits of green tea is based on the amount of green tea typically consumed in Asian countries—about 3 cups per day (which would provide 240-320 mg of polyphenols). Just one cup of green tea supplies 20-35 mg of EGCG, which has the highest antioxidant activity of all the green tea catechins.</div>
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The health benefits of green tea have been extensively researched and, as the scientific community's awareness of its potential benefits has increased, so have the number of new studies. As of November 2004, the PubMed database contained more than 1,000 studies on green tea, with more than 400 published in 2004! Following is a brief summary of some of the high points of this most current research.</div>
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Green tea drinkers appear to have lower risk for a wide range of diseases, from simple bacterial or viral infections to chronic degenerative conditions including cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, periodontal disease, and osteoporosis. The latest studies provide a deeper understanding of the ways in which green tea:</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects against Death from All Causes, Especially Cardiovascular Disease</span></h3>
In August 2006, a European study, published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, found that tea is a healthier choice than almost any beverage, including pure water, because tea not only rehydrates as well as water, but provides a rich supply of polyhenols protective against heart disease.<br />
Now, a Japanese study published in the September 2006 issue of JAMA, suggests that drinking green tea lowers risk of death due to all causes, including cardiovascular disease.<br />
Shinichi Kuriyama, M.D., Ph.D., of the Tohoku University School of Public Policy, Sendai, Japan, and colleagues examined the association between green tea consumption and death due to all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer.<br />
The study, which began in 1994, followed 40,530 adults, ranging in age from 40 to 79, in northeastern Japan for up to 11 years. Within this region, 80% of the population drinks green tea with more than half consuming at least 3 cups a day.<br />
Compared with participants who consumed less than 1 cup of green tea per day, those drinking 5 or more cups a day had a significantly lower risk of death from all causes and, specifically, risk of death from CVD, with women receiving even stronger protection than men:<br />
<table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;">Green Tea Benefits</th></tr>
<tr><th style="border-collapse: collapse;">In Women</th><th style="border-collapse: collapse;">In Men</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">23% lower risk of dying from any cause</td><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">12% lower risk of dying from any cause</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">31% lower risk of dying from CVD</td><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">22% lower risk of dying from CVD</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">62% lower risk of dying from stroke</td><td style="border-collapse: collapse;">42% lower risk of dying from stroke</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Only weak or neutral relationships were seen between black tea or oolong tea and all-cause or CVD mortality.<br />
While this study found no cancer-preventive benefit from drinking green tea, other large studies, including a meta-analysis of 13 studies published July 2006 inCarcinogenesis (Sun CL et al), suggest that green tea reduces risk of breast cancer. In this study, compared to women who did not drink green tea, those consuming the most green tea were 22% less likely to develop breast cancer.<br />
Often in studies, the effects of a certain health-promoting behavior are likely to be confounded by the fact that those who try to follow a healthy lifestyle practice a variety of healthy habits. In this study, however, since green tea is the most commonly consumed beverage in Japan, it is unlikely that study participants were choosing to drink green tea primarily for their health, and thus also unlikely that the significant drop in risk of death due to all causes and CVD was due to other habits related to health consciousness.<br />
Given the significant benefit green tea can provide, even to those who are not especially health conscious, just imagine its health-protective potential as part of your healthy way of eating!<br />
If you simply cannot start your day without a cup of coffee, try enjoying a cup of green tea at your mid-morning break, with lunch or as an afternoon pick-me-up. You'll quickly discover green tea's irresistible combination of invigorating and calming qualities, plus its delicious flavor, make it one of your favorite healthy habits.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects against Coronary Artery Disease</span></h3>
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In Japanese studies, green tea consumption has been found to be an independent predictor for risk of coronary artery disease. In one study, those drinking 5 or more cups of green tea each day were found to be 16% less likely to suffer from coronary artery disease. The relationship was so significant researchers concluded, "The more green tea patients consume the less likely they are to have coronary artery disease."</div>
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An elevation in the amount of free radicals in the arteries is a key event in many forms of cardiovascular disease. The latest research shows that green tea catechins inhibit the enzymes involved in the production of free radicals in the endothelial lining of the arteries. The arterial endothelium is a one-cell thick lining that serves as the interface between the bloodstream and the wall of the artery where plaques can form. By protecting the endothelium from free radical damage, green tea catechins help prevent the development of cardiovascular disease.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Inhibits Atherosclerosis</span></h3>
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Green tea has been shown to effectively lower risk of atherosclerosis by lowering LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid peroxides (free radicals that damage LDL cholesterol and other lipids or fats) and fibrinogen (a protein in the blood involved in the formation of blood clots), while improving the ratio of LDL (bad) to HDL (good) cholesterol.</div>
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In animal studies in which green tea was given in human equivalent doses to hamsters, atherosclerosis was inhibited 26-46% in those receiving the lower dose (equivalent in humans to 3-4 cups per day) , and 48-63% in those receiving the higher dose (10 cups a day in humans).</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Special Benefits for Persons with High Triglycerides</span></h3>
Green tea may offer special heart-protective benefits for persons with high triglycerides, suggests a laboratory study, published in the February 2005 issue of the Journal of Nutrition.<br />
A series of experiments revealed that the mix of catechins naturally found in green tea dose-dependently inhibit the activity of pancreatic lipase, the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests fat. As a result, the rate at which the body breaks down of fats into triglycerides, and the rise of triglyceride levels in the bloodstream that occurs after meals, is greatly slowed.<br />
Since a large rise in blood levels of triglycerides after a meal is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease, drinking a cup of two green tea along with your meals is a good idea, especially if your triglyceride levels are higher than normal.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Thins the Blood and Helps Prevent Blood Clots</span></h3>
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Green tea catechins help thin the blood and prevent the formation of blood clots by preventing the formation of pro-inflammatory compounds derived from omega-6 fatty acids, which are found in meats and polyunsaturated vegetable oils such as corn, safflower and soy oil. These pro-inflammatory compounds—specifically, arachidonic acid from which the inflammatory cytokines thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin D2 are derived—cause platelets to clump together.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects the Heart in Patients with Acute Cardiovascular Disease</span></h3>
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The primary catechin in green tea, EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) confers such powerful protection that it can help prevent the death of heart muscle cells following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ischemia is the medical term for a restriction in blood supply and therefore in oxygen and nutrients. When circulation is restored, oxidative damage occurs, and this is referred to as reperfusion injury.</div>
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EGCG prevents heart muscle damage by blocking the activation of inflammation-related compounds (including NF-kappa-B and STAT-1) that play a critical role in promoting the oxidative damage that kills heart cells in reperfusion injury. Researchers believe EGCG can be used to help minimize damage in patients with acute coronary artery disease.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Minimizes Damage and Speeds Recovery after a Heart Attack</span></h3>
Research conducted over the last several years by Dr. Anastasis Stephanou and his team at the UK's Institute of Child Health and published in the FASEB Journal, the journal of the Federation of Experimental Biology and the Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine has focused on EGCG's ability to block the action of the protein, STAT-1. Normally activated in cells after a heart attack or stroke, STAT-1 plays a major role in inducing cell death.<br />
Not only does green tea minimize heart cell death after a heart attack or stroke, ECGC also appears to speed up heart cells' recovery from damage, allowing the tissues to recover more quickly and alleviating damage to organs.<br />
Dr. Stephanou, a molecular biologist, noted: "We're extremely encouraged by these findings and hope to implement them in the clinical setting to minimize cell death activation in patients with acute coronary heart disease."</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Minimizes Damage to the Brain after a Stroke</span></h3>
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EGCG has also been shown to protect brain cells by these same mechanisms and thus may help minimize the brain damage that occurs after a stroke. In one animal study, green tea was so effective in reducing the formation of free radicals in brain tissue that the researchers concluded, "Daily intake of green tea catechins efficiently protects the brain from irreversible damage due to cerebral ischemia, and consequent neurologic deficits."</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Lowers Blood Pressure and Helps Prevent Hypertension</span></h3>
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A study published in the July 2004 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine found that among persons consuming tea regularly for at least one year, the risk of developing high blood pressure was 46% lower among those who drank 1/2 cup to 2-1/2 cups per day, and 65% less among those consuming more than 2-1/2 cups per day.</div>
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In another study, this one of rats bred not only have high blood pressure but also to be prone to strokes, those rats given green tea had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to controls, who received plain water. The animals in this study, which was published in the January 2004 issue of the Journal of Nutrition, consumed the human equivalent of 1 liter (1.1 quarts or a little more than 4 cups) of green tea per day.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Helps Prevent the Development of Atherosclerosis and Cancer</span></h3>
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In both atherosclerosis and cancer, cell growth and proliferation is central to the disease process. In atherosclerosis, plaques form in the lining of the arteries, which grow thicker and less elastic, impeding blood flow. In cancer, normal brakes on cells turn off, and they multiply out of control. Green tea can help stop abnormal cell proliferation.</div>
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Catechins, among the main active compounds in green tea leaves, shut down the primary relay station through which growth factors central to both atherosclerosis and cancer send their messages for growth. These relay stations, called tyrosine kinase receptors, are essential for the transmission of messages sent by platelet derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The result is the prevention of or halting of the disease processes that depend upon excessive cellular growth.</div>
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Two other damaging factors that cause the cells lining our vasculature to proliferate are AGEs (advanced glycation end products) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). AGEs form when sugars inappropriately bind to and distort proteins. MAPK activity is normally enhanced in the presence of elevated levels of LDL cholesterol. In laboratory studies, green tea polyphenols were shown to dose-dependently inhibit AGE-stimulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and to prevent the increase in MAPK normally seen when LDL levels are high.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects against Cancer</span></h3>
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In the last ten years, green tea's cancer-preventive effects have been widely supported by epidemiological, cell culture, animal and clinical studies. For cancer prevention, the evidence is so overwhelming that the Chemoprevention Branch of the National Cancer Institute has initiated a plan for developing tea compounds as cancer-chemopreventive agents in human trials.</div>
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When confronted with a cancerous cell, green tea becomes the plant kingdom's Arnold Schwarzenegger, helping to terminate cancer cells in a remarkable number of ways.</div>
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Laboratory cell culture studies show that green tea polyphenols are powerful triggers of apoptosis (cell suicide) and cell cycle arrest in cancerous but not in normal cells. (Cell cycling is the process cells go through to divide and replicate.)</div>
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These anticancer actions have been assumed to be due to the powerful antioxidant effects of green tea's catechins, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). This is a reasonable assumption, given that a number of studies have shown that green tea possesses remarkable antioxidant properties. In one study published in the November 2004 issue of Mutation Research, EGCG's protective antioxidant effects against several carcinogens were found to be 120% stronger than those of vitamin C.</div>
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But while green tea's antioxidant prowess is impressive, recent studies show it is far from the only way in which this multi-talented beverage protects us against cancer.</div>
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One of these mechanisms is green tea's ability to inhibit angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels. Cancer cells, which are constantly attempting to divide and spread, have an endless appetite that can only be temporarily quieted by increasing the number of blood vessels that supply them with nutrients. By inhibiting angiogenesis, green tea helps starve cancer.</div>
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Studies also show that green tea works at the genetic level, shutting off genes in cancerous cells that are involved in cell growth, while turning on those that instruct the cancer cells to self-destruct. EGCG has even been found to work as a pro-oxidant or free radical, but just inside cancer cells, where it causes so much damage that the cancer cells' self-destruct mechanisms are triggered.</div>
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A study of ECGC's effects on keratinocytes (the major type of epidermal or skin cell) found that this green tea compound has yet another means of correcting cancer—that of turning on the genes that direct the cancer cell to return to normal.</div>
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Green tea's anticancer effects include its ability to inhibit the overproduction of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a protein whose overproduction has been implicated as a factor in many diseases, including arthritis and cancer. COX-2 has an enzyme counterpart, called COX-1, which may be helpful to leave untouched when preventing overproduction of COX-2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen (which inhibit both COX-1 as well as COX-2), and specific COX-2 inhibitors such as Vioxx and Celebrex (which inhibit only COX-2), have been considered as possible agents in the prevention of some forms of cancer, but their severe toxic side effects on normal cells limit their usefulness. In studies of prostate cancer cells, EGCG appears to block only COX-2 and to have no negative side effects.</div>
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Phytonutrients in green tea, specifically, its catechins, increase the production and activity of detoxification enzymes in humans, and may enhance our ability to detoxify carcinogens, shows research supported by the National Cancer Institute.<br />
42 healthy volunteers refrained from tea or tea-related products for one month, after which blood samples were taken to assess the activity and levels of their glutathione S-transferases (GST), a major group of detoxification enzymes. Volunteers then consumed green tea catechins in amounts equivalent to consuming between 8-16 cups of green tea each day. GST activity was greatly enhanced in those whose baseline GST activity was low-1/2those most susceptible to damage from carcinogens. (Chow HH, Hakim IA, et al.,Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Prostate Cancer</span></h3>
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EGCG provides other benefits specific to prostate cancer prevention. A study published in the December 2004 issue of the International Journal of Cancer found that EGCG significantly inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a marker for prostate cancer risk. Not only did EGCG lower PSA levels, but it also suppressed all the activities of PSA which were examined that promote prostate cancer.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Green tea polyphenols halt prostate cancer at multiple levels</span></h3>
The polyphenols in green tea help prevent the spread of prostate cancer by mobilizing several molecular pathways that shut down the proliferation and spread of tumor cells, while also inhibiting the growth of blood vessels that supply the cancer with nourishment, according to research published in the December 2004 issue of Cancer Research.<br />
Green tea polyphenols:<br />
<ul>
<li>decrease insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), while increasing levels of IGF binding protein-3, which binds IGF-1, further diminishing its activity. (Increased levels of IGF-1 are associated not only with prostate cancer, but cancers of the breast, lung and colon.)</li>
<li>inhibit key cell survival proteins, promoting apoptosis or programmed cell death in cancer cells.</li>
<li>reduce the expression of several compounds (urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9) involved in the metastasis and spread of cancer cells.</li>
<li>reduce the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which develops new blood vessels to carry nutrients to developing tumors.</li>
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All these effects were seen in this animal study within 6 months of continuous infusion. While obviously impractical for humans, the study suggests that daily consumption of green tea may be highly protective.</div>
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Choosing to regularly drink green tea and eat fruits and vegetables rich in the carotenoid, lycopene, may greatly reduce a man's risk of developing prostate cancer, suggests research published the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition(Jian L, Lee AH, et al.)<br />
In this case-control study involving 130 prostate cancer patients and 274 hospital controls, men drinking the most green tea were found to have an 86% reduced risk of prostate cancer compared, to those drinking the least.<br />
A similar inverse association was found between the men's consumption of lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, apricots, pink grapefruit, watermelon, papaya, and guava. Men who most frequently enjoyed these foods were 82% less likely to have prostate cancer compared to those consuming the least lycopene-rich foods.<br />
Regular consumption of both green tea and foods rich in lycopene resulted in a synergistic protective effect, stronger than the protection afforded by either, the researchers also noted.<br />
Practical Tips: Get in the habit of drinking green tea and eating lycopene-rich foods.<br />
<ul>
<li>Take a quart of iced green tea to work and sip throughout the day or take it to the gym to provide prostate protection while replenishing fluids after your workout.</li>
<li>Start your breakfast with a half grapefruit or a glass of papaya or guava juice.</li>
<li>Begin lunch or dinner with some spicy tomato juice on the rocks with a twist of lime. Snack on tomato crostini: in the oven, toast whole wheat bread till crusty, then top with tomato sauce, herbs, a little grated cheese, and reheat until the cheese melts.</li>
<li>Top whole wheat pasta with olive oil, pine nuts, feta cheese and a rich tomato sauce for lunch or dinner.</li>
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Drinking 5 cups of green tea a day may cut the risk of advanced prostate cancer in half, shows data collected in The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. The JPHC Study followed 49,920 Japanese men aged from 40 to 69 from 1990 to 2004. Compared to men who drank less than one cup of green tea per day, those consuming 5 or more cups daily reduced their risk of developing advanced prostate cancer by 48%!<br />
If you don't already drink green tea, consider making this energizing, delicious beverage a healthy habit. Over half a million new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed each year world wide, and, incidence of the disease, which is the direct cause of more than 200,000 deaths annually, is increasing with a rise of 1.7% over 15 years. (Kurahashi N, Sasazuki S, et al., Am J Epidemiol.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Ovarian Cancer</span></h3>
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Green tea consumption has been shown to enhance survival in women with ovarian cancer. In a study published in the November 2004 issue of theInternational Journal of Cancer, women with ovarian cancer who drank at least 1 cup of green tea daily had a 56% lowered risk of death during the 3 years of the study compared to non-tea drinkers. A laboratory study of human ovarian cancer cells published in the September 2004 issue of Gynecologic Oncology explains why: EGCG not only suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer cells, but also induces apoptosis (cell suicide) in these cells by affecting a number of genes and proteins.</div>
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An epidemiological (population) study published in the December 2005 issue of theArchives of Internal Medicine, adds more evidence that enjoying a cup or two of tea each day may significantly lower a woman's risk of ovarian cancer.<br />
Data from numerous other studies has suggested that both green and black tea may offer protection against various cancers, with tea polyphenols thought to be the most likely protective agents. In this research, Susanna Larsson and Alicja Wolk from the National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden, decided to look specifically at the relationship between tea consumption and ovarian cancer.<br />
Participants in their study were 61,057 Swedish women aged 40-76 years who were in the Swedish mammography cohort and had completed a validated 67 item food frequency questionnaire at baseline (between 1987-1990), after which the women were followed an average of 15.1 years.<br />
Analysis of the data found that even women who averaged less than one cup of tea per day had an 18% lower risk of ovarian cancer than non-tea-drinkers.<br />
Those who drank one cup per day had a 24% lower risk, and those who drank two or more cups of tea per day had a 46% lower risk of ovarian cancer than non-tea-drinkers.<br />
Each additional cup of tea per day was associated with an 18% lower risk of ovarian cancer.<br />
Although higher tea consumption was generally associated with other health-promoting behaviors, including higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, when compared to the lifestyle behaviors of those who seldom or never drank tea, the large drop in ovarian cancer risk seen as tea consumption increased does suggest that tea is likely to offer significant protection.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Kaempferol-rich Tea and Broccoli Protective against Ovarian Cancer</span></h3>
A prospective study looking at dietary intake of 5 common flavonoids in 66,940 women in the Nurses Health Study over 18 years of follow up found those whose diets provided the most of 5 common flavonoids (myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin), had a 25% reduced risk of ovarian cancer, compared with those consuming the least.<br />
Women whose diets provided the most kaempferol, a flavonoid concentrated in non-herbal tea (like green tea), broccoli and onions, were found to have a 40% lower risk of ovarian cancer, compared to women with the lowest kaempferol intake.<br />
Similarly, women whose diets provided the most luteolin intake had a 34% reduced risk of ovarian cancer, compared those with the lowest luteolin intake. Celery and parsley are some of the most highly concentrated sources of luteolin, which is also found in rutabagas, hot peppers and spinach. (Gates MA, Tworoger SS, et al., Int J Cancer.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Brain Tumors in Children</span></h3>
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Green tea's ability to inhibit telomerase may also translate into help for children with the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Telomerase's activity allows cancer cells to avoid the normal limits on the number of times a cell can replicate before it self-destructs. In a study published in the January 2004 issue of Neuro-oncology, investigators found that telomerase activity was at least five times higher in children with these brain tumors than in normal brain cells and that EGCG strongly inhibited telomerase activity in a dose-dependent manner.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Colorectal Cancer</span></h3>
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Green tea may also reduce the increased risk for colon cancer caused by a high fat diet. An animal study published in the journal Nutrition and Cancer in 2003 found that when green tea was given along with a diet high in omega 6 fat (in the form of corn oil), the amount of pro-inflammatory compounds produced in the colon (5-lipoxygenase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, and leukotriene B4) was significantly lower, as was the resulting number of precancerous colon cells (aberrant crypt foci). Green tea consumption even reduced the amount of abdominal fat produced in the animals that received it compared to controls.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Regular Green Tea Drinking Cuts Colorectal Cancer Risk in Half</span></h3>
To evaluate the link between green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk, researchers followed 69,710 Chinese women ranging in age from 40 to 70 for 6 years.<br />
Women who regularly drank green tea when the study began were 37% less likely to develop colorectal cancer compared to infrequent green tea drinkers. Women who continued to drink green tea regularly throughout the study fared even better, reducing their risk of colorectal cancer by 57%.(Yang G, Shu XO, et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.)<br />
Practical Tip: Enjoy green tea as both a hot and iced beverage.<br />
<ul>
<li>Brew green tea with thinly sliced ginger and lemon, or sprigs of spearmint. Add one teaspoon of honey per cup, stir and serve hot, or use half the amount of hot water (or twice the amount of tea), allow the tea to brew and cool, then combine half and half with fruit juice, such as peach, pineapple or papaya. Blend and pour over ice.</li>
<li>Make green tea chai by brewing green tea in hot vanilla soy milk. Top with a dash each of cinnamon, black pepper, ginger and allspice.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Gallstones and Biliary Tract Cancers</span></h3>
Green tea lowers risk of gallstones and biliary tract cancers, suggests a large population-based, case-control study led by Ann Hsing of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, and published in the International Journal of Cancer, June 2006.<br />
Hsing's team gathered demographic, medical and dietary data from 627 individuals with biliary tract cancer, 1037 persons with gallstones, and 959 randomly selected controls in Shanghai, China.<br />
Among women, after taking account of age, education and body mass index, those who consumed at least one cup of tea each day for at least 6 months had a 27% reduced risk of developing gall stones, a 44% reduced risk of getting gallbladder cancer, and 35% reduced risk of bile duct cancer.<br />
Among men, most tea drinkers were cigarette smokers, which likely affected their results. Men's risk of biliary disease was lower with tea consumption, but the drop in risk was not considered statistically significant.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Lung Cancer</span></h3>
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While we certainly do not recommend smoking, if you or someone you love smokes, or if you must be around smokers and are exposed to second hand smoke, drinking green tea can offer some protection against lung cancer. A human pilot study recently confirmed the protective effects of green tea against lung cancer seen in cell culture and animal studies. The study, published in the November 2004 issue of Molecular Nutrition and Food Research evaluated the effect of green tea (5 cups per day) on 3 heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes a day) and 3 individuals who had never smoked. When the study subjects were drinking green tea, DNA damage caused by smoking was decreased, cell growth was inhibited, and cellular triggers for apoptosis (cell suicide) in abnormal cells increased.</div>
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Another larger four month study of heavy smokers involving 100 women and 33 men found that levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of free radical damage to DNA, dropped significantly in individuals drinking decaffeinated green but not black tea.</div>
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Decaffeinated green tea was especially effective in reducing DNA damage in individuals who lack the genetic ability to produce normal amounts of an enzyme called glutathione S-transferase, which plays a key role in the liver's ability to detoxify many of the carcinogens found in cigarette smoke. Individuals whose genetic inheritance does not include the GSTM1 and GSTT1 variants of the genes that instruct the cell to produce glutathione S-transferase are more susceptible to developing many different cancers. For these individuals, green tea may be especially beneficial.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Bladder Cancer</span></h3>
Research by a multi-departmental team from UCLA has produced valuable insights into how green tea extract might be capable of acting against the invasive growth of bladder cancer tumors. Green tea extract has been shown, via a mechanism that affects cell movement, to target cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone.<br />
For cancer to grow and spread, the malignant cells must be able to move, and their movement depends on a process called actin remodeling, which itself is carefully regulated by complex signaling pathways, including the Rho pathway.<br />
By inducing Rho signaling, green tea causes cancer cells to mature more rapidly and to bind together more closely, a process called cell adhesion. Both their increased maturity and cell adhesion inhibit cancer cells' mobility, according to Rao, senior author of the study, published in the February 2005 issue of Clinical Cancer Research, in which green tea's effects on Rho signaling were noted.<br />
"Cancer cells are invasive and green tea extract interrupts the invasive process of the cancer�In effect, the green tea extract may keep the cancer cells confined and localized, where they are easier to treat and the prognosis is better," explained Rao.<br />
About 56,000 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed each year, making it the fifth most common cancer in the United States. About half of all bladder cancers are believed to be related to cigarette smoking. Bladder cancer can be difficult to detect in the early, most treatable stages, yet, when not found early, the tumors can be aggressive, and more than half of patients with advanced cancers experience recurrences.<br />
In the next phase of his research, Rao and his team will analyze urine from bladder patients, looking particularly for biomarkers associated with actin remodelling and the activation of the Rho pathway, to determine which subset of patients might benefit most from green tea.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Improves the Efficacy of Cancer Drugs While Lessening Their Negative Side-Effects</span></h3>
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In the fight against cancer, green tea polyphenols are team players, helping cancer-killing drugs do their job. In a study published in the October 2004 issue of the Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, green tea polyphenols caused drug-resistant cancer cells, which were able to extrude or push out one of the most commonly used cancer drugs, doxorubicin, to retain the drug, which could then destroy them.</div>
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According to a study published in the August 2004 issue of Cancer Letters, another compound in green tea, the amino acid theanine, reduces the negative side effects of doxorubicin by increasing the level of one of the body's most important internally produced antioxidants, glutathione, in normal tissues in the liver and heart—but not in tumors.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Understanding How Green Tea Fights Cancer</span></h3>
Spanish and British scientists have discovered at least one of the mechanisms through which green tea helps to prevent certain types of cancer, according to a study published in the March 2005 issue of Cancer Research.<br />
ECGC, a catechin present in green tea in amounts about 5 times higher than in black tea, inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which cancer cells need to be able to grow, and which is a well recognized target of anti-cancer drugs.<br />
Scientists decided to look at ECGC after they realized the green tea catechin looks a lot like the cancer drug methotrexate, which prevents cancer cells from making DNA by inhibiting the DHFR enzyme. They discovered that ECGC kills cancer cells in the same way as the drug.<br />
Although ECGC binds strongly to DHFR, which is essential in both healthy and cancerous cells, it does not bind as tightly as methotrexate, so its side effects on healthy cells are less severe than those of the drug.<br />
ECGC's binding to DHFR may also explain why women who drink large amounts of green tea around the time they conceive and early in their pregnancy may have an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida or other neural tube disorders.<br />
Women are advised to take supplements of folic acid when trying to conceive and during the first trimester (the first 3 months) of pregnancy because it is during this time period that the baby's neural tube is developing. Folic acid helps ensure normal development and protects against spina bifida by enabling the production of the enzyme DHFR.<br />
While a cup or two of green tea is unlikely to pose a problem, drinking large amounts of green tea could decrease the activity of DHFR, increasing risk of neural tube defects.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes</span></h3>
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Population studies suggest that green tea consumption may help prevent type 2 diabetes. A number of animal studies are beginning to explain why. New studies suggest that green tea may improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in individuals with diabetes. In one study, after receiving green tea for 12 weeks, diabetic rats had lower fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and free fatty acids compared to controls, and the ability of their adiopcytes (fat cells) to respond to insulin and absorb blood sugar greatly increased.</div>
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In another study by the same research group, diabetic rats were separated into three groups and followed for 12 weeks. One group was given with standard rat chow and water (the control group), the second group received a high fructose diet and water (fructose group), and the third group got the same high fructose diet and green tea (green tea group). By the end of the study, the fructose group had high blood sugar, high insulin levels, and high blood pressure, while the animals receiving green tea along with a high fructose diet showed improvement in all three.</div>
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A study published in the August 2004 issue of BMC Pharmacology, in which oral glucose tolerance tests were given to healthy humans after they consumed green tea, showed that it increased the body's ability to utilize blood sugar.</div>
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Another interesting animal study compared the effects of a Western diet, a vegetarian diet and a Japanese diet, each with or without green tea. Blood sugar concentrations were highest in the animals on the Western diet followed by the Vegetarian diet with the Japanese diet producing the lowest blood sugars. When supplemented with green tea, blood sugar levels dropped in rats on all three diets, with those on the Japanese diet having not only the lowest blood sugars but also rating the best on other risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Rats on the Japanese diet that also were given green tea had the lowest triglycerides and cholesterol as well as the highest ratio of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids to potentially inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids. The researchers concluded that Japanese eating habits combined with drinking green tea might help prevent type 2 diabetes.</div>
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One of the mechanisms through which green tea improves insulin sensitivity has recently been identified in laboratory studies that show that epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) does a good deal more to prevent type 2 diabetes than lower the production of free radicals. EGCG also works on the genetic level, causing a reduction in the number of messenger RNAs that direct liver cells to produce the enzymes involved in the creation of glucose (sugar).</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects against Kidney Disease</span></h3>
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An animal study published in the January 2005 issue of Pharmacological Researchsuggests yet another beneficial effect of green tea consumption: the prevention of kidney dysfunction in persons who must take powerful immunosuppressant drugs, for example, after an organ transplant.</div>
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One such drug, cyclosporine A, while a very effective immunosuppressant, also markedly elevates the production of free radicals highly toxic to the kidneys. In this study, rats given green tea as their drinking water along with cyclosporine A produced far fewer damaging free radicals than rats given plain water. In addition, a number of other indicators of kidney function (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and urinary excretion of glucose) were significantly better in rats given green tea.</div>
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Another animal study published in May 2004 in the Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism explains why. Diabetic rats given green tea catechins and then exposed to a kidney-damaging drug, streptozotocin, produced less than half the amount of superoxide radicals (a particularly damaging type of free radical) compared to diabetic rats on a catechin-free diet. As a result, a cellular waste product formed by free radical damage to fats, lipofuscin, was almost 200% higher in the diabetic rats who did not receive green tea catechins compared to those who did.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Builds Bone</span></h3>
Researchers at the University of Tokyo have shown drinking green tea may significantly increase bone mineral density.<br />
Their study, presented at the International Osteoporosis Foundation World Congress on Osteoporosis, Toronto, Canada, June 5, 2006, included 655 women aged 60 years or older. Participants completed a questionnaire about their consumption of green tea, milk, cheese, yogurt, fish, vegetable, tofu, natto (a soy food), meat and coffee; smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and use of anti-osteoporosis bisphosphonate drugs like Fosamax.<br />
For each dietary item, subjects were divided into two groups: 1) those who consumed the item five or more days per week, and 2) those who consumed the item fewer than five days per week. The researchers then measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of the women's lumbar spines, as well as blood markers for osteoporosis risk, including levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and vitamin D.<br />
Women who drank green tea 5 or more days per week had an average BMD significantly higher (0.808 grams of hydroxyapatite-form calcium per square centimeter) than those drinking green tea less than 5 days per week (0.738 grams per square centimeter).<br />
Green tea drinkers' bone-density advantage persisted even after results were adjusted for age, body mass index, other dietary items, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and use of osteoporosis drugs.<br />
The Tokyo team hypothesized the catechin flavonoids in green tea provided the benefits via estrogenic effects known to build bone strength and/or induce apoptosis ("suicide") in bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts. Both mechanisms are similar to the ways in which bisphosphonate drugs like Fosamax prevent bone loss. But while these potent drugs can provoke inflammatory eye disorders, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia and diarrhea, green tea is not only completely safe, but a delicious beverage that offers a legion of other health benefits.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Green Tea Provides Bone Benefits Similar to Calcium or Exercise</span></h3>
Australian researchers report that bone mineral density (BMD) is 2.8% greater in tea drinkers than non-drinkers. The study involved 1,500 women (age range from 70-85) in a 5-year prospective trial looking at the effects of calcium supplements on osteoporotic fracture. Not only was tea drinkers' total BMD 2.8% higher than non-tea drinkers, but over the course of 4 years, tea drinkers lost an average of 1.6% of their total hip BMD, while non-tea drinkers lost more than twice as much (4%).<br />
The 4 primary polyphenols in tea (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin) were identified as being responsible. Green tea contains between 30-40% of water-extractable polyphenols, while black tea contains between 3-10%.<br />
"A recent review suggests that flavonoids from green tea may be associated with increases in BMD via a potent stimulatory effect on osteoblast function," noted lead researcher Amanda Devine. (Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for producing new bone.) (Devine A, Hodgson JM, et al., Am J Clin Nutr.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Prevents Osteoporosis and Periodontal diseases</span></h3>
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Excessive bone loss is a characteristic feature not only of osteoporosis but of periodontal disease. Green tea supports healthy bones and teeth both by protecting osteoblasts (the cells responsible for building bone) from destruction by free radicals, and by inhibiting the formation of osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone).</div>
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Another benefit of green tea consumption for those with periodontal disease: green tea short circuits the damaging effects of the bacteria most responsible for gum disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis causes gum damage by producing toxic byproducts such as phenylacetic acid and by stimulating the activity and production of enzymes called metalloproteinases (MMPs), which destroy both the mineral and organic constituents that make up the matrix of our bones. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits P. gingivalis' production of both phenylacetic acid and MMPs.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects the Liver from Alcohol and Other Harmful Chemicals</span></h3>
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Alcohol metabolism results in the production of damaging free radicals that can overwhelm the liver's supply of antioxidants, resulting in liver injury. In a study published in the January 2004 issue of Alcohol in which rats were chronically intoxicated with alcohol for 4 weeks, green tea prevented damage to their livers.</div>
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Other animal research shows that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) protects the liver against the free radicals generated when mice are exposed to carbon tetrachloride, a toxic chemical solvent. Without the protection afforded by EGCG, carbon tetrachloride exposure resulted in the production of numerous free radicals that destroyed a significant amount of the animals' liver cells. With EGCG, free radical production and liver injury was so greatly reduced that researchers suggested green tea should be used in the treatment of liver disease.</div>
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Unlike some herbs, green tea's protective effects do not appear to affect two of the liver enzymes most often responsible for detoxifying and eliminating drugs, cytochrome P-450 2D6 and 3A4. This suggests that green tea might be safely consumed when taking medications primarily dependent upon the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways of metabolism. Hopefully, future research studies will bear out this potential benefit.</div>
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On the other hand, one study found that Japanese green tea did increase the activity of the CYP1A1 enzyme. Researchers hypothesized that the increase in activity of this liver enzyme may be one of the ways in which green tea helps protect against cancers caused by various dietary carcinogens.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Promotes Fat Loss</span></h3>
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Green tea not only promotes fat loss, but specifically, the loss of visceral fat—fat that accumulates in the tissues lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the intestines (viscera) and internal organs. Unlike fat deposits on the hips and thighs (which result in the so-called "pear" body shape), visceral fat (which produces the "apple" body shape) is highly associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.</div>
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Green tea contains three major components that promote fat loss: catechins, caffeine and theanine. Studies suggest that green tea compounds promote fat loss by inhibiting both gastric and pancreatic lipase, the enzymes that digest triglycerides, and fatty acid synthetase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing fatty acids into the form in which they can be stored in the body's adipose (fat) cells.</div>
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In a study published in the January 2004 issue of In Vivo in which mice were fed diets containing 2% green tea powder for 16 weeks, visceral fat decreased by 76.8% in those receiving green tea compared to the control group. Green tea also decreased blood levels of triglycerides (the chemical form in which most fats exist in the body).</div>
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A human study, published in the January 2005 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, confirms green tea's ability to not only reduce body fat, but damage to LDL cholesterol as well. After 12 weeks of drinking just one bottle of green tea each day, 38 normal-to-overweight men in Tokyo had a significantly lower body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat mass and amount of subcutaneous fat compared to men given a bottle of oolong tea each day.<br />
After a 2 week diet run-in period, the men were divided into two groups, one of which drank a bottle of green tea containing 690 mg of catechins, while the other group drank a bottle of oolong tea containing 22 mg catechins. Not only did the men drinking green tea lose weight and fat, but the amount of their LDL cholesterol damaged by free radicals also dropped significantly. Since atherosclerotic plaques develop when cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream is damaged or oxidized, green tea's ability to prevent these oxidation reactions may explain some of its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Increases Exercise Endurance</span></h3>
Green tea extract given to lab rats over a 10-week span increased the amount of time the animals could swim before becoming exhausted by as much as 24%.<br />
Green tea's catechins appear to stimulate the use of fatty acids by liver and muscle cells. In muscle cells, the ability to burn more fat translates into a reduction in the rate at which glycogen, the form in which carbohydrates are stored for ready access in muscle, is used up, thus allowing for longer exercise times. Green tea's effect on muscle cells' ability to take in and burn fatty acids, speeding up fat breakdown, is also thought to be the reason why it helps weight loss.<br />
The idea for the experiment came from the fact that skeletal muscles utilize carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and amino acids (protein) as energy sources, but the ratio in which they are used varies with the intensity and type of the exercise, and the level of the individual's fitness. During endurance exercise, the use of too much carbohydrate is undesirable because it triggers insulin secretion, which, in turn, both inhibits the burning of fatty acids and stimulates lactic acid production. (Lactic acid buildup is what causes that sore achy feeling in your muscles when you exercise.) Conversely, enhanced availability and utilization of free fatty acids reduces carbohydrate utilization, which in turn spares glycogen (the form in which carbohydrates are stored in muscle for quick use) and suppresses lactic acid production, resulting in an increase in endurance."<br />
Drinking a single cup of green tea before exercise, however, will not be effective. One single, higher "dose" of green tea did nothing to improve lab rats' performance. The animals had to receive green tea daily, and endurance increased gradually over the 10 weeks of the study.<br />
To match the beneficial effect on test animals' endurance capacity seen in the experiments, the researchers estimate a 165-pound athlete would need to drink about 4 cups of green tea daily.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Protects against Cognitive Decline, Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease</span></h3>
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Damage to brain cells in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases seems to result from the combination of a number of damaging factors including excessive inflammation and increased levels of iron, both of which lead to increased free radical production, exhaust the brain's supply of protective antioxidants and trigger the production of certain proteins, such as amyloid-beta, which promote apoptosis (cell suicide).</div>
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Green tea catechins, until recently thought to work simply as antioxidants, are now known to invoke a wide spectrum of neuroprotective cellular mechanisms. These include iron chelation, scavenging of free radicals, activation of survival genes and cell signaling pathways, and regulation of mitochondrial function. (The mitochondria are the energy production factories inside our cells. When they are not working properly, they generate many free radicals and little energy.) The end result is a significant lessening of damage to brain cells.</div>
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Iron accumulation in specific brain areas and free radical damage to brain cells are considered the major damaging factors responsible for a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders including both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.</div>
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In the brain, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been shown to act as an iron chelator, binding to and removing iron, thus preventing it from contributing to the production of free radicals. In addition to removing iron, EGCG also increases the activity of two major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, further helping to decrease free radical damage.</div>
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Another active compound in green tea, epicatechin (EC), reduces the formation of a protein called amyloid-beta. Plaque-like deposits of amyloid-beta in the brain are a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.</div>
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Animal studies conducted at the Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Quebec, Canada, suggest that a daily cup or two of either black or green tea may reduce the risk of age-related degenerative brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease.<br />
The researchers looked at the protective effects of two tea extracts and their main constituents, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate, which are highly concentrated in green tea, on dying nerve cells. Both black and green tea extracts and catechins strongly blocked death of neurons (brain nerve cells)<br />
When researchers exposed cultured neurons to amyloid alone, its effects were so toxic that the brain cells died, but when the cell cultures received amyloid immediately followed by tea extracts and catechins, the neurons were rescued and survived.</div>
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Green tea polyphenols have also demonstrated the ability to affect cell signaling pathways, in particular the MAPK pathways, which are triggered by oxidative stress (free radicals), and themselves set in motion a series of chemical reactions so damaging that they can result in brain cell death. MAPK signaling pathways inside brain cells are thought to play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases.</div>
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Another important cell signaling pathway beneficially affected by EGCG, the PKC pathway, is also thought to play an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and programmed cell death.</div>
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Although no human studies on Alzheimer's disease have yet reported benefit from tea consumption, recent population studies have shown that simply consuming 2 or more cups of green tea daily reduces risk of cognitive decline and Parkinson's disease.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Green Tea Keeps Elders Mentally Sharp: Research Showing Multiple Ways</span></h5>
Green tea helps slow the age-related decline in brain function seen as declining memory, cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's, shows a human study published in the February 2006 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.<br />
Researchers at Japan's Tohoku University studied 1003 subjects over age 70, comparing their green tea intake and mental sharpness, using a Mini-Mental State Examination, a well-accepted standardized test for measuring cognitive function.<br />
Drinking more than 2 cups a day of green tea slashed odds of cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese men and women by 64%! And a Japanese cup of green tea is much smaller than its American counterpart—only about 3.2 fluid ounces.<br />
And at every level of cognitive impairment—from minimal to severe—those drinking the most green tea experienced significantly less mental decline than those drinking the least:<br />
Compared with elderly Japanese who drank less than 3 cups a week, those drinking more than 2 cups a day had a 54% lower risk of age-related declines in memory, orientation, ability to follow commands and attention.<br />
Those drinking 4 to 6 cups of green tea a week (1 cup a day) had a 38 lower risk of declines in brain function.<br />
Green tea's primary protective agent is thought to be its catechin phytonutrient epigallocatechingallate or EGCG. Research shows this highly potent antioxidant:<br />
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<li>helps prevent the formation of B-amyloid, a protein whose accumulation is recognized as causing Alzheimer's (Basianetto S, Eur J Neurosci Jan 2006).</li>
<li>protects brain cells by chelating (removing) iron, which might otherwise produce destructive free radicals (Reznichenko L, J Neurochem, March 2006).</li>
<li>helps prevent oxidative stress-induced brain cell death by "talking" to brain cells' genes responsible for cell cycling and survival. Specifically, EGCG tells the genes in neurons to decrease production of caspase 3, an enzyme involved in initiating programmed cell death. (Park HJ, Life Sci Jan 2006; Levites Y. J Biol Chem, 2002)</li>
<li>promotes memory-related learning ability by protecting cells in the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in spatial cognition and memory-related learning ability, from free radical damage (Haque AM, J Nutr April 2006).</li>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Green Tea Fights the Flu</span></h3>
A cup of green tea may help prevent or lessen the duration of the flu. In a lab study, published in the November 2005 issue of Antiviral Research, EGCG dramatically inhibited influenza virus replication in cell culture in all the subtypes of influenza virus tested. EGCG appears to suppress viral RNA synthesis by altering the properties of the viral membrane.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Pepper increases EGCG availability</span></h3>
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An animal study suggests that consuming the spice, black pepper, when drinking green tea can significantly increase the amount of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) absorbed. In this study, rats and mice given green tea along with piperine (a bioactive component in black pepper) absorbed 130% more EGCG than control animals receiving EGCG alone.</div>
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In this study, piperine was found to inhibit the glucuronidation of EGCG in the intestines. Glucuronidation is a chemical pathway that serves as one of the major ways our bodies convert drugs, steroids, and many other substances into metabolites that can then be excreted into the urine or bile. By inhibiting EGCG's glucuronidation, piperine allowed more of this catechin to be absorbed and utilized. So, next time you have a cup of green tea along with a meal, be sure to spice up your soup, salad and/or entrée with a little freshly ground black pepper.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-36583416611645878532013-07-18T01:00:00.002-07:002013-07-18T01:00:16.323-07:00Organic Skin Care Ingredients<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>EPICA - Anti Aging vegetal complex</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Organic Epica has been developed using a technique of plant extraction based on a mixture of Pine Bark and Blackcurrant leaves. The natural properties of these two plants are synergetic. </span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Organic Epica is a key Active-Ingredient in re-establishing or maintaining the integrity of the cutanious structure. Organic Epica acts as “trapper” of free radicals by inhibition of the formation of super oxide ions. This effective combat against free radicals and exogenous agents prevents premature aging and delays the appearance of age signs. Clinical studies have proved up to 55% decrease in wrinkles and lines depth after 30 days use. </span><br />
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<a class="productnamecolor colors_productname" href="http://www.organicskincarepro.com/Organic-Skin-Care-Ibr-Dormin-Ingredient-s/36.htm" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Organic Skin Care Ibr-Dormin Ingredient"><span style="color: black;">Ibr-Dormin</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dormins</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>are natural extracts from plants and plant organs in their dormant stage which are able to slow down cell proliferation to maintain younger healthier skin. DORMINs and IBR-Dormin® specifically capture and transfer flower bulbs dormancy and rejuvenation to skin. Flower bulbs go dormant through the winter like “beauty sleep” to allow beautiful awaken, rejuvenated blossom in the spring. The IBR Ltd. anti-aging technology via implementation of DORMINs features slowdown of skin aging as a result of slowing down cell proliferation thereby preserving<br />
Youth cell capital and improving skin appearance and maturation.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Why Slowing down cell proliferation is the answer to anti aging?</span><br />
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Naturally, most hyper/high cell proliferation cases are related to imbalance, disorders or phenomena leading to premature aging. Slowing down cell proliferation seems to be the most logical action to take to reverse or slow down aging. Not only logical, but, scientifically proven by the Hyflick limit theory, telomere shortening related to cell replication and aging as well as through in-vitro and clinical testing.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Recommended use level: </span>0.5 - 2%<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Potential use:</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-aging personal care</span> - Preserving youth via dormancy<br />
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- <span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti wrinkle</span> - Slowing cell proliferation optimized metabolism<span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br />
- <span style="font-weight: bold;">Stress reduction and protection</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Skin whitening</span> - Slowing melanocytes proliferation<span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of un-desired hair growth</span> - Slowing hair cells proliferation<br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px;">I.N.C.I. name: Water and Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) Extract</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">Raw material(s): Alfalfa</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">From Research and Development to Industrialisation, SILAB selects and concentrates the best of Nature. Of scientifically proven effectiveness, our active principles are eco-friendly and easy to formulate, and constitute a full range covering all the major fields of modern cosmetics science</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the battle against skin aging, Retinol is a reference ingredient, recommended for its repair abilities. VITANOL BIO sustains the comparison with Retinol. This active ingredient stimulates dermal metabolism and efficiently fights wrinkles. VITANOL BIO significantly stimulates the synthesis of Collagen I and inhibits tat of metalloproteinase responsible for its degradation. Tested In Vivo, VITANOL BIO improves the general appearance of mature skin and presents high anti wrinkle properties.</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">Study of the anti wrinkles properties – after 28 days of twice daily application and in comparison to the placebo. VITANOL BIO significantly reduced:</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">• The number of wrinkles by 19%</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">• The total wrinkles surface by 26%</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">• The total length of wrinkles by 22%</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">NECTAPURE - Protective complex against city stress</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The natural treatment for daily city stress. In a screening of radical-scavenging plants, Buddlega Davidii and Thymus Vulgaris showed excellent activities and have been selected for their capability to fight against pollution, which is a harmful factor to the skin.<br /><br />Ozone is the strongest airborne oxidant, a reactive oxygen species produced in photochemical reactions and cigarette smoke. These radicals attack biomolecules of our skin (lipids, collagen, DNA) and cause premature skin aging.<br /><br />The synergistic combination of both plants showed an outstanding activity in the ozone-protection test. Cosmetic products with an ozone protecting effect such as NECTAPURE help to prevent wrinkles, loss of elasticity and loss of skin vitality.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nectapure - Moisturizing and protective complex against city stress</span></h1>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">NECTAPURE is a high-quality with excellent antioxidative and moisturizing properties. Nectapure is a natural treatment against daily city stress.<br /><br />Buddleja davidii and Thymus vulgaris have been carefully selected for their capability to fight against pollution being very harmful to the skin.<br /><br />Buddleja davidii, also named Butterfly Bush, is known for its capacity to attract all types of butterflies and to nourish them with its delicate nectar. In the Alps, Thymus vulgaris nourishes the Ptilocephala pyrenaella, rare butterfly that can only be found in a few Alpine valleys located in the Swiss Alps.<br /><br />NECTAPURE PF being the real treatment against city stress.<br /><br />Properties<br />• Antioxidative<br />• Radical protecting<br />• Moisturizing<br /><br />Functions<br />• Antiaging (antioxidant, photoaging protection)<br />• Antipollution treatment<br />• Moisturizing, soothing and healing<br />• Antimicrobial<br /><br />Cosmetic applications<br />• Formulations against city stress<br />• Antiaging formulations<br />• Sun and after-sun formulations<br />• Day care formulations, especially antipollution treatments<br /><br />Formulation<br />NECTAPURE PF is a clear to slightly opalescent, brown-colored liquid. It is water soluble and should be incorporated<br />Into the cosmetic formulation at temperatures <60°C.NECTAPURE PF is stable in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.0. NECTAPURE PF is compatible with ethanol in concentrations up to 80%.<br /><br />Suggested concentration<br />3–5% NECTAPURE PF<br /><br />INCI name<br />Glycerin, Water, Buddleja Davidii Extract, Thymus Vulgaris<br />(Thyme) Extract<br />(Contains no preservative)<br />Product codes<br />911-04 (Pentapharm); 50 3734 4 (DSM)<br /></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Efficacy tests</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />The antioxidative efficacy of ALPAFLOR® NECTAPURE PF was demonstrated by following in vitro test.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a class="productnamecolor colors_productname" href="http://www.organicskincarepro.com/Cohellis-Bio-s/33.htm" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Cohellis Bio"><span style="color: black;">Cohellis Bio</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span><a href="http://a248.e.akamai.net/origin-cdn.volusion.com/mmaqz.jrhcy/v/vspfiles/photos/categories/33-T.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://a248.e.akamai.net/origin-cdn.volusion.com/mmaqz.jrhcy/v/vspfiles/photos/categories/33-T.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="213" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br />I.N.C.I. name : Water & Secale Cereale (Rye) Seed Extract</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">Raw material(s): Rye</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">From Research and Development to Industrialisation, SILAB selects and concentrates the best of Nature. Of scientifically proven effectiveness, our active principles are eco-friendly and easy to formulate, and constitute a full range covering all the major fields of modern cosmetics science.</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">Coheliss® Bio stimulates the synthesis of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or stress fibers. These retractile elements of the cytoskeleton generate tension forces that are essential for regulating the mechanical resistance of the dermis and stretching of the skin. Coheliss® Bio significantly increased skin tone and tension. It is recommended for lifting anti-age care.</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">COHELISS BIO - For firming and long lasting anti wrinkles effect</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">This active-ingredient is rich in arabinoxylans purified from the Rye seeds proceeding from organic farming. It boosts the natural skin machinery involved in its mechanical resistance and restores its natural lifting properties. </span><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-size: 13px;">In Vitro studies show that Coheliss Bio led to a significant increase in the synthesis of a-SMA fibers, responsible for the generation of retractile forces of fibroblasts. Tested directly on volunteers, COHELISS BIO reduced wrinkles, and firmed cutaneous tissue while significantly increased skin tone and tension after 56 days of twice daily application.</span></td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-39225733891511859312013-07-17T05:18:00.001-07:002013-07-17T05:23:48.157-07:00Kidney Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The kidneys are a pair of reddish-brown bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a small fist, that are located above the waist on either side of the spine. They are closer to the back of the body than to the front. The kidneys filter blood and remove impurities, excess minerals and salts, and extra water. Every day, the kidneys filter about 200 quarts of blood to generate two quarts of wastewater (urine).</div>
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The kidneys also produce hormones that help control blood pressure, red blood cell production, and other functions. Although most people have two kidneys, each works independently, which means the body can function with less than one complete kidney. With dialysis, a mechanized filtering process, it is possible to live without kidneys.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of kidney cancer</b></div>
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Kidney cancer begins when normal cells in one or both kidneys change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body).</div>
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There are several types of kidney cancer:</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Renal cell carcinoma.</b> Renal cell carcinoma<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </i>makes up about 85% of kidney cancers. This cancer develops within the kidney's microscopic filtering systems, the lining of the tiny tubes that lead to the bladder. The treatment options for renal cell carcinoma are discuss later in this guide.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Transitional cell carcinoma.</b> This is also called urothelial carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma begins in the area of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the bladder. This type of kidney cancer is similar to bladder cancer and is treated like bladder cancer. It accounts for 10% to 15% of the kidney cancers diagnosed in adults.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sarcoma. </b>Sarcoma of the kidney is rare and is treated with surgery. For some patients, it may be beneficial to combine chemotherapy with surgery, as sarcoma can grow quite large before it is discovered. It does not metastasize (spread) as often as other types of kidney cancer.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wilms tumor.</b> Wilms tumor is most common in children and is treated differently than kidney cancer in adults. This type of tumor is more likely to be successfully treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy than the other types of kidney cancer, and this has resulted in a different approach to treatment.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of kidney cancer cells</b></div>
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Knowing which kind of cell a tumor is made of helps doctors plan treatment. There are several types of kidney cancer cells. The most common are listed below. Pathologists (doctors who specialize in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease) have identified as many as 10 different types of these cells.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Clear cell<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </i>is the type of cell that is found in about 70% of kidney cancers. Clear cells range from slow growing (grade 1) to fast growing (grade 4). This type of kidney cancer is particularly responsive to immunotherapy and targeted therapy .</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Papillary kidney cancer, which develops in 10% to 15% of patients, is divided into two different subtypes, called type 1 and type 2. They are different from the clear cell type, although papillary kidney cancer is currently treated in the same way as clear cell kidney cancer. However, many doctors recommend treatment through clinical trials because treatment with targeted therapy is often not as successful for people with papillary kidney cancer as it is for people with clear cell kidney cancer.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sarcomatoid is the type of cell that grows the fastest. It may be found with clear cell or papillary type. It is called sarcomatoid because it looks like sarcoma under a microscope.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Collecting duct is a rare cancer that behaves in a similar way to transitional cell carcinoma. It is best treated with chemotherapy. However, many doctors believe that it is less responsive to chemotherapy than transitional cell carcinoma but more responsive than clear cell or sarcomatoid types.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chromophobe is another rare cancer that is different from other types.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oncocytoma is a slow-growing type that rarely, if ever, spreads.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Angiomyolipoma is a benign tumor that has a unique appearance on a computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan and when viewed under a microscope. It tends to be less likely to grow and spread and is best treated with surgery.</li>
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People with kidney cancer may experience the following symptoms or signs. Sometimes, people with kidney cancer do not show any of these symptoms. Or, these symptoms may be caused by a medical condition that is not cancer. If you are concerned about a symptom or sign on this list, please talk with your doctor. </div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blood in the urine</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pain or pressure in the side or back</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A mass or lump in the side or back</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Swelling of the ankles and legs</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">High blood pressure or anemia (low red blood cell count)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fatigue</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Loss of appetite</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Unexplained weight loss</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Recurrent fever (not from cold, flu, or other infection)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For men, a rapid development of a varicocele (a cluster of enlarged veins) around a testicle</li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-86758234189464577612013-07-17T05:07:00.001-07:002013-07-17T05:07:29.098-07:00Skin Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Skin cancer is the most common of all cancers, with doctors finding skin cancer in about one million Americans each year. Reducing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight can prevent most skin cancers. If skin cancer is found early, it can usually be cured by relatively simple surgery. Skin cancer is responsible for less than 1% of all cancer deaths.</div>
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The skin, the body's largest organ, protects against infection and injury and helps regulate body temperature. The skin also stores water and fat and produces vitamin D. Skin is made up of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer of skin) and the dermis (inner layer of skin).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of skin cancer</strong></div>
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Cancer begins when normal cells change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body). There are three main types of skin cancer:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Squamous cell carcinoma.</strong> Most of the epidermis is made up of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells. Approximately 20% of skin cancer resembles these cells and is called squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer is mainly caused by sun exposure, but it can appear on skin that has been burned, damaged by chemicals, or exposed to x-rays.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Basal cell carcinoma.</strong> Cells in the lower epidermis are round cells known as basal cells. About 80% of skin cancer develops from this type of cell that has been exposed to the sun and is called basal cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma most often forms on the head and neck.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Melanoma.</strong> Where the epidermis meets the dermis, there are scattered cells called melanocytes, which produce the melanin that gives skin color. Melanoma starts in melanocytes, and it is the most aggressive of the three types of skin cancer. Learn more about <a alt="melanoma" href="http://www.cancer.net/node/19251" style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">melanoma</a>. The rest of this section describes basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.</div>
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Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma are known as non-melanoma skin cancers, to distinguish them from melanoma, which arises from very different cells and is treated differently.</div>
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Typically, non-melanoma skin cancer can be treated with relatively simple surgery. If the cancer is very small, cryosurgery (freezing) or laser surgery may be used. Learn more in the <a href="http://www.cancer.net/node/19625" style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Treatment</a> section. Basal cell carcinoma grows slowly and rarely metastasizes (spreads) to other parts of the body. Squamous cell carcinoma also rarely spreads, but it is more likely to spread than basal cell carcinoma.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Symptoms and Signs</b></span></div>
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People with basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma may experience the following symptoms. Sometimes, people with non-melanoma skin cancer do not show any of these symptoms or signs. Or, these symptoms may be caused by a medical condition that is not cancer. The skin features that people with basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma frequently develop are listed below. If you are concerned about a symptom or skin feature, please talk with your doctor.</div>
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Changes in the skin are the main warning sign for skin cancer. Each type of skin cancer can appear differently, so it is important to talk with your doctor when you notice a change in your skin.</div>
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For basal cell cancer, two or more of the following features may be present:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">An open sore that bleeds, oozes, or crusts and remains open for several weeks</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A reddish, raised patch or irritated area that may crust or itch, but rarely hurts</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A shiny pink, red, pearly white, or translucent bump</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A pink growth with an elevated border and crusted central indentation</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A scar-like, white, yellow, or waxy area, often with a poorly defined border</li>
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Squamous cell cancer can often crust, bleed, and appear as:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A wart-like growth</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A persistent, scaly red patch with irregular borders that may bleed easily</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">An open sore that persists for weeks</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">An elevated growth with a rough surface and a central depression</li>
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Your doctor will ask you questions about the symptoms you are experiencing to help find out the cause of the problem, called a <a href="http://www.cancer.net/node/19623" style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">diagnosis</a>. This may include how long you've been experiencing the symptom(s) and how often.</div>
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If cancer is diagnosed, relieving symptoms and side effects remains an important part of cancer care and treatment. This may also be called symptom management, palliative care, or supportive care. Be sure to talk with your health care team about symptoms you experience, including any new symptoms or a change in symptoms.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Early detection: Finding skin cancer early</strong></div>
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Earlier detection and recognition of skin cancer is the key to improving the chance for successful treatment. Recognizing early warning signs of skin cancer and doing regular self-examinations of your skin will help find skin cancer early when the disease is highly curable.</div>
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Examinations should be performed in front of a full-length mirror in a brightly lit room. It helps to have another person check the scalp and back of the neck. In people with fair skin, non-melanoma skin cancer most often begins on skin that has frequently been exposed to the sun. However, in people with darker skin, squamous cell carcinoma occurs primarily in areas infrequently exposed to the sun, such as the lower legs.</div>
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Include the following steps in a skin self-examination:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Examine the front and back of the entire body in a mirror, then the right and left sides, with arms raised.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bend the elbows and look carefully at the outer and inner forearms, upper arms (especially the hard-to-see back portion), and hands.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Look at the front, sides, and back of the legs and feet, including the soles and the spaces between the toes.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Part the hair to lift it and examine the back of the neck and scalp with a hand mirror.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Check the back, genital area, and buttocks with a hand mirror.</li>
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Talk with your doctor if you find any of the following:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A growth on the skin that matches any symptom listed above</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">New growth on the skin</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A suspicious change in an existing mole or spot</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A sore that doesn't heal within two weeks</li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-74366004159251062552013-07-17T04:59:00.000-07:002013-07-17T04:59:28.212-07:00Prostate Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located behind the base of a man’s penis, in front of the rectum, and below the bladder. It surrounds the urethra, the tube-like channel that carries urine and semen through the penis. The prostate's main function is to make seminal fluid, the liquid in semen that protects, supports, and helps transport sperm.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of prostate cancer</b></div>
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Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that begins in the prostate gland. Some prostate cancers grow very slowly and may not cause symptoms or problems for years. However, most prostate cancer cells make excessive amounts of a protein called prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is also found in higher-than-normal levels in men other various prostate conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, an enlarged prostate) and prostatitis (inflammation or infection of the prostate), in addition to prostate cancer (see the Risk Factors and Prevention section).</div>
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Prostate cancer is somewhat unusual, compared with other types of cancer, because many tumors do not spread from the prostate. And often, even metastatic prostate cancer can be successfully treated, allowing men with prostate cancer to live with good health for several years. However, if the cancer does metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body and cannot be well controlled with treatment, it can cause pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.</div>
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More than 95% of prostate cancers are a type called adenocarcinomas. A rare type of prostate cancer known as neuroendocrine cancer or small cell anaplastic cancer tends to spread earlier but usually does not make PSA. Read more about neuroendocrine tumors.</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.5;">Many times, when a man develops prostate cancer much later in life, it is unlikely to cause symptoms or shorten the man’s life, and aggressive treatment may not be needed. For this reason, early detection for prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in men who don’t have symptoms of the disease is controversial.</span></div>
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<b style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;">Symptoms and Signs</b></div>
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prostate cancer is found through a PSA test or DRE in men who have not had any symptoms or signs. If prostate cancer is suspected based on a PSA test or DRE, more monitoring and testing is needed to diagnose prostate cancer . When prostate cancer does cause symptoms or signs, they may include the following: </div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Weak or interrupted urine flow or the need to strain to empty the bladder</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blood in the urine</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The urge to urinate frequently at night</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blood in the seminal fluid</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pain or burning during urination (much less common)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Discomfort when sitting, caused by an enlarged prostate</li>
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Other noncancerous conditions cause these same symptoms. For instance, men who have a noncancerous condition called BPH or an enlarged prostate also have these symptoms. Urinary symptoms also can be caused by an infection or other conditions. In addition, sometimes men with prostate cancer do not have any of these symptoms.</div>
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If cancer has spread outside of the prostate gland, a man may experience:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pain in the back, hips, thighs, shoulders, or other bones</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Unexplained weight loss</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fatigue</li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Diagnosis</b></span></div>
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Doctors use many tests to diagnose cancer and find out if it has metastasized. Some tests may also determine which treatments may be the most effective. For most types of cancer, a biopsy is the only way to make a definitive diagnosis of cancer. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis, but this situation is rare for prostate cancer. For example, a biopsy may not be done when a patient has another medical problem that makes it difficult to do a biopsy, or when a person has a very high PSA level and a bone scan that indicates cancer. Imaging tests may be used to find out whether the cancer has spread. This list describes options for diagnosing this type of cancer, and not all tests listed will be used for every person. Your doctor may consider these factors when choosing a diagnostic test:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Age and medical condition</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type of cancer suspected</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Signs and symptoms</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Previous test results</li>
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In addition to a physical examination, the following tests may be used to diagnose prostate cancer:<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.net/node/27651" style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PSA test</a>. As described in the <a href="http://www.cancer.net/node/19562" style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Overview</a> and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Risk Factors and Prevention</span> section, PSA is a type of protein released by prostate tissue that is found in higher levels in a man's blood when there is abnormal activity in the prostate, including prostate cancer, BPH, or inflammation of the prostate. Doctors can look at features of the PSA value, such as absolute level, change over time, and level in relation to prostate size, to decide if a biopsy is needed. In addition, a version of the PSA test allows the doctor to measure a specific component, called the “free” PSA, which can sometimes help find out if a tumor is noncancerous or cancerous.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">DRE. </b>A doctor uses this test to find abnormal parts of the prostate by feeling the area using a finger (see the <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Risk Factors and Prevention</span>section for more information). It is not very precise; therefore, most men with early prostate cancer have normal DRE test results.</div>
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If the PSA or DRE test results are abnormal, the following tests can confirm a diagnosis of cancer:</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS).</b> A doctor inserts a probe into the rectum that takes a picture of the prostate using sound waves that bounce off the prostate. This procedure is usually done at the same time as a biopsy (see below).</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Biopsy.</b> A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a definite diagnosis. To get a tissue sample, a surgeon most often uses TRUS and a biopsy tool to take very small slivers of prostate tissue. The sample removed during the biopsy is then analyzed by a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease). A patient usually can have this procedure at the hospital or doctor’s office without needing to stay overnight. The patient is given local anesthesia beforehand to numb the area. A patient may also receive antibiotics before the procedure to prevent an infection afterwards.</div>
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To find out if cancer has spread outside of the prostate, doctors may perform the imaging tests listed below. Because prostate cancer is unlikely to have spread, many of these tests are not used when a man’s PSA level is only slightly increased. Learn more about when these tests are recommended to find out if the cancer has spread.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bone scan.</b> A bone scan uses a radioactive tracer to look at the inside of the bones. The tracer is injected into a patient’s vein. It collects in areas of the bone and is detected by a special camera. Healthy bone appears gray to the camera, and areas of injury, such as those caused by cancer, appear dark.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan.</b> A CT scan creates a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body with an x-ray machine. A computer then combines these images into a detailed, cross-sectional view that shows any abnormalities or tumors. A CT scan can also be used to measure the tumor’s size. Generally, a contrast medium (a special dye) is injected into a patient’s vein or given orally (by mouth) to provide better detail.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</b> An MRI uses magnetic fields, not x-rays, to produce detailed images of the body. A contrast medium may be injected into a patient’s vein or given orally to create a clearer picture. MRI scans are sometimes used to help doctors find out if a biopsy is needed.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-37800487390150086942013-07-17T04:19:00.000-07:002013-07-17T04:27:25.518-07:00WHAT SUPPLEMENTS SHRINK FIBROID TUMORS?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<figure style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;"><img alt="Uterine fibroids are a relatively common condition among women." class="image" src="http://photos2.demandstudios.com/DM-Resize/photos.demandstudios.com/55/169/fotolia_2828549_XS.jpg?h=10000&w=400&keep_ratio=1" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><figcaption class="caption" rel="license" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></figcaption></figure><section class="section" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="description " style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Fibroid tumors are benign, or noncancerous, tumors that manifest in a women's uterus. The National Center for Biotechnology Information states that about 20 percent of women will develop uterine fibroids between the time they begin menstruation and the time they experience menopause. Fibroid tumors often develop in women over the age of 30. Certain supplements may be helpful in treating your fibroid tumors, although supplements should always be used under the guidance of a licensed health care professional.</div>
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<b>Uterine Fibroids</b></div>
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Uterine fibroids are growths comprised of muscle and fibrous tissue. Uterine fibroids vary in size and usually develop in women between the ages of 16 and 50. They are associated with estrogen production. The five principle types of uterine fibroids include intramural, subserosal, submucosal, pedunculated and cervical. Common signs and symptoms associated with uterine fibroids include heavy or painful periods, abdominal pain, constipation, frequent urination and painful intercourse.</div>
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Several herbal and non-herbal supplements may be helpful in treating, and possibly shrinking, your uterine fibroids, although more scientific research evidence may be required to support the use of these supplements for this condition. Phyllis A. Balch, a nutrition researcher and consultant and author of the book "Prescription for Nutritional Healing," touts several supplements for retarding fibroid tumor growth, including garlic, L-arginine and extracts of maitake or shiitake mushrooms. Other helpful supplements for uterine fibroids may include coenzyme Q10, zinc, vitamins A and C and Chinese skullcap.<br />
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L-arginine is a frequently prescribed dietary supplement to halt the growth of your uterine fibroid tumors. L-arginine, notes Balch, may boost your immune system function and arrest tumor growth. Balch recommends taking 500 mg of this supplement daily, on an empty stomach and with water or juice. L-arginine should be taken with L-lysine, another dietary supplement that helps balance L-arginine. Before you use this supplement to treat your uterine fibroids, discuss the appropriateness of L-arginine for your condition -- as well as the proper dosage -- with your doctor.</div>
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Uterine fibroids should always be treated by a licensed health care provider. Although dietary supplements may be helpful in treating this condition, you should never use supplements in place of other more efficacious treatment strategies for this common ailment. A clinical nutrition specialist can counsel you on what supplements may be most appropriate for you and your condition, what supplements to avoid and when to discontinue your supplementation. Some supplements may interfere with the action of other pharmaceutic agents you might be taking.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13683808520636735131noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-401996621201387725.post-76178431594279283292013-07-16T10:05:00.002-07:002013-07-16T10:05:27.104-07:00Eye Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Eye cancer is a general term used to describe many types of tumors that occur in various parts of the eye. It occurs when cells in or around the eye change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning cells can spread to other parts of the body). Cancer that forms in the eyeball is called an intraocular malignancy.</div>
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Medical doctors who specialize in the diseases and function of the eye are called ophthalmologists (or “eye MDs”). These doctors can diagnose and treat intraocular melanoma. Optometrists are another type of eye doctor. They prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses. They are not medical doctors and are not trained to treat intraocular cancer.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Parts of the eye</strong></div>
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The eye is the organ that collects light and sends messages to the brain to form a picture. The three main parts of the eye are:</div>
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The outer part of the eye is made up of the sclera, retina, and uvea. The sclera is the outer wall of the eyeball. The retina is a thin-layered structure that lines the eyeball and sends information from the eye to the brain. The uvea nourishes the eye. Both the retina and the uvea contain blood vessels. The uvea consists of the following:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ciliary body: Muscular tissue that produces the watery fluid in the eye and helps the eye focus</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Choroid: The layer of tissue underneath the retina that contains connective tissue and melanocytes and nourishes the inside of the eye; the choroid is the most common site for a tumor.</li>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of intraocular cancer</strong></div>
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The most common intraocular cancer in adults is uveal metastases, which is cancer that has spread to the uvea from another place in the body; this is called secondary cancer. This article is about primary intraocular cancer, meaning that the tumor started in the eye, not somewhere else in the body.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Melanoma</strong> is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer in adults. It begins when pigmented (colored) cells in the eye called melanocytes grow uncontrollably. Intraocular melanoma is also called uveal melanoma.</div>
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Other, less common types of an intraocular tumor include:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Intraocular lymphoma</strong> is lymphoma that begins in the eyeball. This condition is rare and can be difficult for doctors to diagnose. Many doctors consider intraocular lymphoma to be a type of central nervous system lymphoma. Most intraocular lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphoma.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Retinoblastoma</strong> is a rare form of childhood eye cancer.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hemangioma</strong> is a benign vascular tumor of the choroid and retina.</div>
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Other, rare cancers of the eye include the following:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Conjunctival melanoma</strong> is a tumor of the conjunctiva (a membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball). If it is not treated, it can spread to the lymph nodes (tiny, bean-shaped organs located throughout the body that fight disease). A conjunctival melanoma tends to recur (come back after treatment) on the eye's surface and looks like dark spots on the eye. Doctors often perform a biopsy (removal of a sample of the tissue for examination under a microscope) on a spot that appears to be conjunctival melanoma.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eyelid carcinoma</strong><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (basal or squamous cell)</strong> is a variation of skin cancer. This tumor may be surgically removed and is usually not dangerous if it is treated early.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lacrimal gland tumor</strong> is a benign or malignant tumor of the glands that produce tears.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Symptoms and Signs</b></span></div>
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People with eye cancer may experience the following symptoms or signs. Sometimes people with eye cancer do not show any of these symptoms. Or, these symptoms may be caused by a medical condition that is not cancer. If you are concerned about a symptom or sign on this list, please talk with your doctor.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Having trouble seeing</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Losing part of the field of vision</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seeing flashes of light</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seeing spots, squiggly lines, or floating objects (floaters)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Having a dark spot on the iris. Unlike choroidal and ciliary body melanoma, iris melanoma can sometimes be seen because it looks like dark spots on the eye.</li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Stages and Grades</b></span></div>
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One tool that doctors use to describe the stage is the TNM system. This system judges three factors: the tumor itself, the lymph nodes around the tumor, and if the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. The results are combined to determine the stage of cancer for each person. The stage provides a common way of describing the cancer, so doctors can work together to plan the best treatments.</div>
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In addition to staging, doctors may use other information to help figure out prognosis and the risk of the cancer spreading. These findings may also be included on the pathology report and include:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alterations to the cancer cell's chromosomes (as described in Diagnosis); for example, one copy of chromosome three, called monosomy 3, can indicate a higher risk of the cancer spreading</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gene expression profiles (as described in Diagnosis); these tests classify a tumor into class I (at lower risk for metastasis) and class II (at higher risk for metastasis)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Other characteristics of the cancer cells, such as the grade (see below for more details)</li>
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TNM is an abbreviation for tumor (T), node (N), and metastasis (M). Doctors look at these three factors to determine the stage of cancer:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">How large is the primary tumor, and where is it located? <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(T, tumor)</strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Has the tumor spread to the lymph nodes? <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(N, node)</strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Has the cancer spread to other parts of the body? <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(M, metastasis)</strong></li>
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Some ophthalmologists may not use the TNM system to stage an intraocular tumor. However, they still consider the size of the tumor and how it is affecting a person's vision when deciding on a treatment plan.</div>
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Specific information about the TNM system is listed below. In eye cancer, T for an iris melanoma is described differently than T for choroidal and ciliary body melanomas. N and M are described the same for iris, choroidal, and ciliary body melanomas.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tumor.</strong> Using the TNM system, the “T” plus a letter and/or number (0 to 4) is used to describe the size and location of the tumor. Some stages are also divided into smaller groups that help describe the tumor in even more detail. The following classifications are the same for any type of intraocular melanoma:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TX: </strong>The primary tumor cannot be evaluated.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T0:</strong> There is no tumor in the eye.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Iris melanoma</strong></div>
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An iris tumor is classified as T1, T2, T3, or T4. Some stages are divided into smaller groups that help describe the tumor in even more detail.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1: </strong>The tumor is limited to the iris.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1a: </strong>The tumor is in one quadrant (one-fourth) or less of the iris.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1b:</strong> The tumor is in more than one quadrant of the iris.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1c:</strong> The tumor is only in the iris, but there is melanomalytic glaucoma. This means that a buildup of certain cells in the eye blocks the flow of fluid in the eye, causing pressure.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2:</strong> The tumor has joined or grown into the ciliary body and/or choroid.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2a:</strong> The tumor has joined or grown into the ciliary body and/or choroid with melanomalytic glaucoma.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3: </strong>The tumor has joined or grown into the ciliary body and/or choroid and extends to the sclera (outer wall of the eyeball).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3a:</strong> The tumor has joined or grown into the ciliary body and/or choroid and extends to the sclera in association with melanomalytic glaucoma.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4: </strong>The tumor has spread to the outside of the eyeball, the optic nerve, or to the eye socket. This is called extraocular extension.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4a:</strong> The tumor has spread is less than 5 millimeters (mm) outside of the eye.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4b:</strong> The tumor has spread more than 5 mm outside of the eye.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ciliary body and choroid melanoma</strong></div>
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A tumor in the ciliary body and choroid is also classified as T1, T2, T3, or T4 based on the size of the tumor, which is measured in optic disc diameters or millimeters (mm). The tumor is measured for both width and height (also called thickness). A tumor is given a classification according to the table below, based on its width and height.</div>
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Your doctors may use and refer to this classification, called a category, even more than the stage. This is because the size and thickness of the tumor (the T) is most important for finding out a patient's prognosis.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Size Category Classification Table for Ciliary Body and Choroid Melanoma</strong></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 631px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thickness (mm)</strong></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Category</strong></div>
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Thicker than 15 mm</div>
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4</div>
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4</div>
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4</div>
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12.1 to 15.0</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
9.1 to 12.0</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
6.1 to 9.0</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3.1 to 6.0</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #fde9d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Less than 3.0</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ccc0d9; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none none solid; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffccff; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
2</div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
4</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Largest basal diameter (mm)</strong></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Less than 3.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3.1 to 6.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
6.1 to 9.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
9.1 to 12.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
12.1 to 15.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
15.1 to 18.0 mm</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Larger than 18.0 mm</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Used with permission of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), Chicago, Illinois.</i></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1:</strong> The tumor is size category 1.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1a:</strong> The tumor is size category 1 and does not involve the ciliary body or other parts of the eye.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1b:</strong> The tumor is a category 1 and involves the ciliary body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1c:</strong> The tumor is size category 1 that does not involve the ciliary body. But, there is a very small area (5 mm or less in diameter) of visible spread beyond the eyeball (called extraocular spread).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T1d</strong>: Thetumor is a size category 1 that involves the ciliary body with extraocular spread less than 5 mm.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2: </strong>The tumor is size category 2.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2a:</strong> The tumor is size category 2 and does not involve the ciliary body or other parts of the eye.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2b:</strong> The tumor is size category 2 and involves the ciliary body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2c:</strong> The tumor is size category 2 that does not involve the ciliary body. But, there is a very small area (5 mm or less in diameter) of visible spread beyond the eyeball.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2d:</strong> The tumor is size category 2 that involves the ciliary body with extraocular spread less than 5 mm.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3: </strong>The tumor is size category 3.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3a: </strong>The tumor is size category 3 and does not involve the ciliary body or other parts of the eye.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3b: </strong>The tumor is size category 3 and involves the ciliary body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3c: </strong>The tumor is size category 3 that does not involve the ciliary body. But, there is a very small area (5 mm or less in diameter) of visible spread beyond the eyeball.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T3d: </strong>The tumor is size category 3 that involves the ciliary body with extraocular spread less than 5 mm.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4:</strong> The tumor is size category 4.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4a:</strong> The tumor is size category 4 and does not involve the ciliary body or other parts of the eye.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4b:</strong> The tumor is size category 4 and involves the ciliary body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4c:</strong> The tumor is size category 4 that does not involve the ciliary body. But, there is a very small area (5 mm or less in diameter) of visible spread beyond the eyeball.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4d:</strong> The tumor is size category 4 that involves the ciliary body with extraocular spread less than 5 mm.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T4e:</strong> The tumor is any size category with extraocular spread of more than 5 mm in diameter.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Node. </strong>The “N” in the TNM staging system stands for lymph nodes, the tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Lymph nodes near the eye are called regional lymph nodes. Lymph nodes in other parts of the body are called distant lymph nodes. N<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </i>is described the same for melanomas of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NX:</strong> The regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N0 (N plus zero): </strong>There is no regional lymph node metastasis.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N1: </strong>There is regional lymph node metastasis.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Distant metastasis. </strong>The “M” in the TNM system indicates whether the cancer has spread from the eye to other parts of the body. M is described the same for iris, ciliary body, and choroidal melanomas.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">MX:</strong> Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M0 (M plus zero):</strong> There is no distant metastasis.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M1: </strong>There is metastasis to other parts of the body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M1a: </strong>There is metastasis to other parts of the body and the largest metastasis is 3 centimeters (cm) or less in diameter.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M1b: </strong>There is metastasis to other parts of the body and the largest metastasis is between 3.1 cm and 8 cm in diameter.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M1c: </strong>There is metastasis to other parts of the body and the largest metastasis is larger than 8 cm in diameter.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cancer stage grouping</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Doctors assign the stage of the cancer by combining the T, N, and M classifications.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage I: </strong>The tumor is size category 1 and does not involve the ciliary body or other parts of the eye, nor has it spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body (T1a, N0, M0).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IIA:</strong> The tumor is either a size category 1 that may or may not involve the ciliary body, with or without extraocular extension, or it is a size category 2 that does not involve the ciliary body. There is no spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body (T1b, T1c, T1d, or T2a; N0, M0).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IIB:</strong> The tumor is either a size category 2 that involves the ciliary body but has not spread beyond the eyeball, or it is a size category 3 that has not spread to the ciliary body or eyeball. It has not spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body (T2b or T3a; N0, M0).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IIIA:</strong> Stage IIIA describes any one of these conditions:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 10px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline;" type="disc">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A tumor of size category 2 with extraocular spread to a diameter of 5 mm or less, with or without ciliary body involvement that has not spread to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body (T2c or T2d, N0, M0)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A tumor of size category 3 that may or may not involve the ciliary body, with or without extraocular spread to a diameter of 5 mm or less, but hasn't spread to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body (T3b or T3c, N0, M0)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A tumor of size category 4 that does not involve the ciliary body and has not spread to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body (T4a, N0. M0)</li>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IIIB:</strong> Stage IIIB describes any one of these conditions:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, 'Droid Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 10px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline;" type="disc">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The tumor is a size category 3 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular spread that has not spread to the lymph nodes or to other parts of the body (T3d, N0, M0).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The tumor is a size category 4 with or without ciliary body involvement that may or may have spread outside the eyeball. It has not spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body (T4b or T4c, N0, M0).</li>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IIIC: </strong>The tumor is a size category 4 that involves the ciliary body and has spread outside the eyeball. However, it has not spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other areas of the body (T4d or T4e; N0, M0).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stage IV: </strong>This stage describes a tumor of any size that has spread to the lymph nodes and/or to other parts of the body outside of the eye (any T, N1, M0; or, any T, any N, M1).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Recurrent: </strong>Recurrent cancer is cancer that has come back after treatment. It may return in the eye or in another part of the body. If there is a recurrence, the cancer may need to be staged again (called re-staging) using the system above.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Histopathology and grading</strong></div>
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After a biopsy or when the tumor is surgically removed, doctors may look at the types of cells that are in the tumor; this is called histopathology. Three types of histopathology patterns may be present in the tumor:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Spindle cell melanoma (the cells are longer and tapered at the ends)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Epithelioid melanoma (the cells are oval-shaped)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 24.875px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mixed cell melanoma (both spindle and epithelioid)</li>
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Generally, a tumor made up of spindle cells has a better prognosis than a tumor made up of epithelioid cells. The tumor is given a grade (G) to describe the composition of its cells. A lower grade generally indicates a better prognosis than a higher grade.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">GX: </strong>The grade cannot be evaluated.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">G1: </strong>A spindle cell melanoma</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">G2:</strong> A mixed cell melanoma</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">G3:</strong> An epithelioid melanoma</div>
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